GUT 1999;44:81-86 ( January )

Glucagon-like peptide-1: a potent regulator of food intake in humans

J-P Gutzwiller,^b B Göke,^c J Drewe,^a P Hildebrand,^a S Ketterer,^a D Handschin,^a R Winterhalder,^b D Conen,^b C Beglinger^a

^a Division of Gastroenterology and Department of Research, University Hospital, CH-4031 Basel, Switzerland, ^b Kantonsspital Aarau, CH-5000 Aarau, Switzerland, ^c Clinical Research Unit for Gastrointestinal Endocrinology, Philipps University of Marburg, D-35033 Marburg, Germany

Correspondence to: Dr C Beglinger.

Accepted for publication 7 July 1998

Background/AimsStudies in animals suggest a physiological role for glucagon-like peptide-1-(7-36)-amide (GLP-1) in regulating satiety. The role of GLP-1 in regulating food intake in man has, however, not been investigated.
SubjectsSixteen healthy male subjects were examined in a double blind placebo controlled fashion.
MethodsThe effect of graded intravenous doses (0, 0.375, 0.75, and 1.5 pmol/kg/min) of synthetic human GLP-1 on food intake and feelings of hunger and satiety was tested in healthy volunteers.
ResultsGraded GLP-1 infusions resulted in a dose dependent reduction in food intake (maximal inhibition 35%, p<0.001 v control) and a similar reduction in calorie intake (32%; p<0.001). Fluid ingestion was also reduced by GLP-1 (18% reduction, p<0.01). No overt side effects were produced by GLP-1, but subjects experienced less hunger and early fullness in the period before a meal during GLP-1 infusion at the highest dose (p<0.05).
ConclusionsIntravenous infusions of GLP-1 decrease spontaneous food intake even at physiological plasma concentrations, implying an important role for GLP-1 in the regulation of the early satiety response in humans.
(GUT 1998;44:81-86)

Keywords: glucagon-like peptide-1;  satiety;  food intake;  hunger and fullness score

---

© 1998 by Gut
CiteULike    Complore    Connotea    Del.icio.us    Digg    Reddit    Technorati    What's this?

This article has been cited by other articles:

• Van Vugt, D. A. (2009). Brain imaging studies of appetite in the context of obesity and the menstrual cycle. Hum Reprod Update 0: dmp051v1-dmp051 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Yoder, S. M., Yang, Q., Kindel, T. L., Tso, P. (2009). Stimulation of incretin secretion by dietary lipid: is it dose dependent?. Am. J. Physiol. Gastrointest. Liver Physiol. 297: G299-G305 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Ruttimann, E. B., Arnold, M., Hillebrand, J. J., Geary, N., Langhans, W. (2009). Intrameal Hepatic Portal and Intraperitoneal Infusions of Glucagon-Like Peptide-1 Reduce Spontaneous Meal Size in the Rat via Different Mechanisms. Endocrinology 150: 1174-1181 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Vetter, M. L., Cardillo, S., Rickels, M. R., Iqbal, N. (2009). Narrative Review: Effect of Bariatric Surgery on Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus. ANN INTERN MED 150: 94-103 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Mattes, R. D, Popkin, B. M (2009). Nonnutritive sweetener consumption in humans: effects on appetite and food intake and their putative mechanisms. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 89: 1-14 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Melanson, K. J, Angelopoulos, T. J, Nguyen, V., Zukley, L., Lowndes, J., Rippe, J. M (2008). High-fructose corn syrup, energy intake, and appetite regulation. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 88: 1738S-1744S [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Woods, S. C., D'Alessio, D. A. (2008). Central Control of Body Weight and Appetite. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 93: s37-s50 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Hayes, M. R., Skibicka, K. P., Grill, H. J. (2008). Caudal Brainstem Processing Is Sufficient for Behavioral, Sympathetic, and Parasympathetic Responses Driven by Peripheral and Hindbrain Glucagon-Like-Peptide-1 Receptor Stimulation. Endocrinology 149: 4059-4068 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Holst, J. J. (2007). The Physiology of Glucagon-like Peptide 1. Physiol. Rev. 87: 1409-1439 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Martins, C., Morgan, L. M, Bloom, S. R, Robertson, M D. (2007). Effects of exercise on gut peptides, energy intake and appetite. J Endocrinol 193: 251-258 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Andrews, C. N., Bharucha, A. E., Camilleri, M., Low, P. A., Seide, B., Burton, D., Baxter, K., Zinsmeister, A. R. (2007). Nitrergic contribution to gastric relaxation induced by glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) in healthy adults. Am. J. Physiol. Gastrointest. Liver Physiol. 292: G1359-G1365 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Murphy, K. G., Dhillo, W. S., Bloom, S. R. (2006). Gut Peptides in the Regulation of Food Intake and Energy Homeostasis. Endocr. Rev. 27: 719-727 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Williams, D. L., Baskin, D. G., Schwartz, M. W. (2006). Leptin Regulation of the Anorexic Response to Glucagon-Like Peptide-1 Receptor Stimulation. Diabetes 55: 3387-3393 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Chaudhri, O., Small, C., Bloom, S. (2006). Gastrointestinal hormones regulating appetite. Phil Trans R Soc B 361: 1187-1209 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Drucker, D. J. (2006). Incretin-based therapies: a clinical need filled by unique metabolic effects.. The Diabetes Educator 32: 65S-71S [Full Text]  
• Kim, B.-J., Carlson, O. D., Jang, H.-J., Elahi, D., Berry, C., Egan, J. M. (2005). Peptide YY Is Secreted after Oral Glucose Administration in a Gender-Specific Manner. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 90: 6665-6671 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Neary, N. M., Small, C. J., Druce, M. R., Park, A. J., Ellis, S. M., Semjonous, N. M., Dakin, C. L., Filipsson, K., Wang, F., Kent, A. S., Frost, G. S., Ghatei, M. A., Bloom, S. R. (2005). Peptide YY3-36 and Glucagon-Like Peptide-17-36 Inhibit Food Intake Additively. Endocrinology 146: 5120-5127 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Feinle-Bisset, C., Patterson, M., Ghatei, M. A., Bloom, S. R., Horowitz, M. (2005). Fat digestion is required for suppression of ghrelin and stimulation of peptide YY and pancreatic polypeptide secretion by intraduodenal lipid. Am. J. Physiol. Endocrinol. Metab. 289: E948-E953 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Oesch, S., Degen, L., Beglinger, C. (2005). Effect of a protein preload on food intake and satiety feelings in response to duodenal fat perfusions in healthy male subjects. Am. J. Physiol. Regul. Integr. Comp. Physiol. 289: R1042-R1047 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Brennan, I. M., Feltrin, K. L., Horowitz, M., Smout, A. J. P. M., Meyer, J. H., Wishart, J., Feinle-Bisset, C. (2005). Evaluation of interactions between CCK and GLP-1 in their effects on appetite, energy intake, and antropyloroduodenal motility in healthy men. Am. J. Physiol. Regul. Integr. Comp. Physiol. 288: R1477-R1485 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Qin, X., Shen, H., Liu, M., Yang, Q., Zheng, S., Sabo, M., D'Alessio, D. A., Tso, P. (2005). GLP-1 reduces intestinal lymph flow, triglyceride absorption, and apolipoprotein production in rats. Am. J. Physiol. Gastrointest. Liver Physiol. 288: G943-G949 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Vazquez, P., Roncero, I., Blazquez, E., Alvarez, E. (2005). Substitution of the cysteine 438 residue in the cytoplasmic tail of the glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor alters signal transduction activity. J Endocrinol 185: 35-44 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Dungan, K., Buse, J. B. (2005). Glucagon-Like Peptide 1-Based Therapies for Type 2 Diabetes: A Focus on Exenatide. Clin. Diabetes 23: 56-62 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• le Roux, C. W., Bloom, S. R. (2005). Why Do Patients Lose Weight after Roux-en-Y Gastric Bypass?. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 90: 591-592 [Full Text]  
• Deacon, C. F. (2004). Therapeutic Strategies Based on Glucagon-Like Peptide 1. Diabetes 53: 2181-2189 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Feltrin, K. L., Little, T. J., Meyer, J. H., Horowitz, M., Smout, A. J. P. M., Wishart, J., Pilichiewicz, A. N., Rades, T., Chapman, I. M., Feinle-Bisset, C. (2004). Effects of intraduodenal fatty acids on appetite, antropyloroduodenal motility, and plasma CCK and GLP-1 in humans vary with their chain length. Am. J. Physiol. Regul. Integr. Comp. Physiol. 287: R524-R533 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Gutzwiller, J.-P., Degen, L., Matzinger, D., Prestin, S., Beglinger, C. (2004). Interaction between GLP-1 and CCK-33 in inhibiting food intake and appetite in men. Am. J. Physiol. Regul. Integr. Comp. Physiol. 287: R562-R567 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• de Graaf, C., Blom, W. A., Smeets, P. A., Stafleu, A., Hendriks, H. F. (2004). Biomarkers of satiation and satiety. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 79: 946-961 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Gutzwiller, J.-P., Tschopp, S., Bock, A., Zehnder, C. E., Huber, A. R., Kreyenbuehl, M., Gutmann, H., Drewe, J., Henzen, C., Goeke, B., Beglinger, C. (2004). Glucagon-Like Peptide 1 Induces Natriuresis in Healthy Subjects and in Insulin-Resistant Obese Men. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 89: 3055-3061 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• D'Alessio, D. A., Vahl, T. P. (2004). Glucagon-like peptide 1: evolution of an incretin into a treatment for diabetes. Am. J. Physiol. Endocrinol. Metab. 286: E882-E890 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Druce, M. R., Small, C. J., Bloom, S. R. (2004). Minireview: Gut Peptides Regulating Satiety. Endocrinology 145: 2660-2665 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Anderson, G H., Woodend, D. (2003). Consumption of sugars and the regulation of short-term satiety and food intake. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 78: 843S-849 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Howarth, N. C., Saltzman, E., McCrory, M. A., Greenberg, A. S., Dwyer, J., Ausman, L., Kramer, D. G., Roberts, S. B. (2003). Fermentable and Nonfermentable Fiber Supplements Did Not Alter Hunger, Satiety or Body Weight in a Pilot Study of Men and Women Consuming Self-Selected Diets. J. Nutr. 133: 3141-3144 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Sturm, K., MacIntosh, C. G., Parker, B. A., Wishart, J., Horowitz, M., Chapman, I. M. (2003). Appetite, Food Intake, and Plasma Concentrations of Cholecystokinin, Ghrelin, and Other Gastrointestinal Hormones in Undernourished Older Women and Well-Nourished Young and Older Women. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 88: 3747-3755 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Meier, J. J., Gallwitz, B., Salmen, S., Goetze, O., Holst, J. J., Schmidt, W. E., Nauck, M. A. (2003). Normalization of Glucose Concentrations and Deceleration of Gastric Emptying after Solid Meals during Intravenous Glucagon-Like Peptide 1 in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 88: 2719-2725 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Feinle, C., O'Donovan, D., Doran, S., Andrews, J. M., Wishart, J., Chapman, I., Horowitz, M. (2003). Effects of fat digestion on appetite, APD motility, and gut hormones in response to duodenal fat infusion in humans. Am. J. Physiol. Gastrointest. Liver Physiol. 284: G798-G807 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Boyd, K. A., O'Donovan, D. G., Doran, S., Wishart, J., Chapman, I. M., Horowitz, M., Feinle, C. (2003). High-fat diet effects on gut motility, hormone, and appetite responses to duodenal lipid in healthy men. Am. J. Physiol. Gastrointest. Liver Physiol. 284: G188-G196 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Elbrond, B., Jakobsen, G., Larsen, S., Agerso, H., Jensen, L. B., Rolan, P., Sturis, J., Hatorp, V., Zdravkovic, M. (2002). Pharmacokinetics, Pharmacodynamics, Safety, and Tolerability of a Single-Dose of NN2211, a Long-Acting Glucagon-Like Peptide 1 Derivative, in Healthy Male Subjects. Diabetes Care 25: 1398-1404 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Aziz, A., Anderson, G. H. (2002). Exendin-4, a GLP-1 Receptor Agonist, Modulates the Effect of Macronutrients on Food Intake by Rats. J. Nutr. 132: 990-995 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Nauck, M. A., Heimesaat, M. M., Behle, K., Holst, J. J., Nauck, M. S., Ritzel, R., Hufner, M., Schmiegel, W. H. (2002). Effects of Glucagon-Like Peptide 1 on Counterregulatory Hormone Responses, Cognitive Functions, and Insulin Secretion during Hyperinsulinemic, Stepped Hypoglycemic Clamp Experiments in Healthy Volunteers. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 87: 1239-1246 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Schirra, J, Wank, U, Arnold, R, Goke, B, Katschinski, M (2002). Effects of glucagon-like peptide-1(7-36)amide on motility and sensation of the proximal stomach in humans. Gut 50: 341-348 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Delgado-Aros, S., Kim, D.-Y., Burton, D. D., Thomforde, G. M., Stephens, D., Brinkmann, B. H., Vella, A., Camilleri, M. (2002). Effect of GLP-1 on gastric volume, emptying, maximum volume ingested, and postprandial symptoms in humans. Am. J. Physiol. Gastrointest. Liver Physiol. 282: G424-G431 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Larsen, P. J., Fledelius, C., Knudsen, L. B., Tang-Christensen, M. (2001). Systemic Administration of the Long-Acting GLP-1 Derivative NN2211 Induces Lasting and Reversible Weight Loss in Both Normal and Obese Rats. Diabetes 50: 2530-2539 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Morley, J. E. (2001). Decreased Food Intake With Aging. Journals of Gerontology Series A: Biological Sciences and Medical Sciences 56: 81-88 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Verdich, C., Flint, A., Gutzwiller, J.-P., Naslund, E., Beglinger, C., Hellstrom, P. M., Long, S. J., Morgan, L. M., Holst, J. J., Astrup, A. (2001). A Meta-Analysis of the Effect of Glucagon-Like Peptide-1 (7-36) Amide on Ad Libitum Energy Intake in Humans. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 86: 4382-4389 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Edwards, C. M. B., Stanley, S. A., Davis, R., Brynes, A. E., Frost, G. S., Seal, L. J., Ghatei, M. A., Bloom, S. R. (2001). Exendin-4 reduces fasting and postprandial glucose and decreases energy intake in healthy volunteers. Am. J. Physiol. Endocrinol. Metab. 281: E155-E161 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Choi, Y.-H., Anderson, G. H. (2001). An Interaction between Hypothalamic Glucagon-Like Peptide-1 and Macronutrient Composition Determines Food Intake in Rats. J. Nutr. 131: 1819-1825 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Beglinger, C., Degen, L., Matzinger, D., D'Amato, M., Drewe, J. (2001). Loxiglumide, a CCK-A receptor antagonist, stimulates calorie intake and hunger feelings in humans. Am. J. Physiol. Regul. Integr. Comp. Physiol. 280: R1149-R1154 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Mannucci, E., Ognibene, A., Cremasco, F., Bardini, G., Mencucci, A., Pierazzuoli, E., Ciani, S., Messeri, G., Rotella, C. M. (2001). Effect of Metformin on Glucagon-Like Peptide 1 (GLP-1) and Leptin Levels in Obese Nondiabetic Subjects. Diabetes Care 24: 489-494 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Rayner, C. K., Samsom, M., Jones, K. L., Horowitz, M. (2001). Relationships of Upper Gastrointestinal Motor and Sensory Function With Glycemic Control. Diabetes Care 24: 371-381 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Ebinger, M., Jehle, D. R., Fussgaenger, R. D., Fehmann, H. C., Jehle, P. M. (2000). Glucagon-like peptide-1 improves insulin and proinsulin binding on RINm5F cells and human monocytes. Am. J. Physiol. Endocrinol. Metab. 279: E88-E94 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Schirra, J, Houck, P, Wank, U, Arnold, R, Goke, B, Katschinski, M (2000). Effects of glucagon-like peptide-1(7-36)amide on antro-pyloro-duodenal motility in the interdigestive state and with duodenal lipid perfusion in humans. Gut 46: 622-631 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Rayner, C. K., Park, H. S., Wishart, J. M., Kong, M.-F., Doran, S. M., Horowitz, M. (2000). Effects of intraduodenal glucose and fructose on antropyloric motility and appetite in healthy humans. Am. J. Physiol. Regul. Integr. Comp. Physiol. 278: R360-R366 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Gutzwiller, J.-P., Drewe, J., Goke, B., Schmidt, H., Rohrer, B., Lareida, J., Beglinger, C. (1999). Glucagon-like peptide-1 promotes satiety and reduces food intake in patients with diabetes mellitus type 2. Am. J. Physiol. Regul. Integr. Comp. Physiol. 276: R1541-R1544 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Tibaduiza, E. C., Chen, C., Beinborn, M. (2001). A Small Molecule Ligand of the Glucagon-like Peptide 1 Receptor Targets Its Amino-terminal Hormone Binding Domain. J. Biol. Chem. 276: 37787-37793 [Abstract] [Full Text]