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a Centre de Recherche
en Nutrition Humaine de Nantes, INSERM U539, CHU Hôtel-Dieu, Nantes,
France, b INRA-LFDNH, Nantes, France
Correspondence to: Dr H M Blottière, Centre de Recherche en Nutrition Humaine, CRI-INSERM 95-08, CHU Hôtel-Dieu, place A Ricordeau, 44035 Nantes Cedex 01, France
Accepted for publication 20 October 1999
BACKGROUND
Sodium
butyrate, a product of colonic bacterial fermentation, is able to
inhibit cell proliferation and to stimulate cell differentiation of
colonic epithelial cell lines. It has been proposed that these cellular
effects could be linked to its ability to cause hyperacetylation of
histone through the inhibition of histone deacetylase.
AIM
To analyse the
molecular mechanisms of butyrate action on cell
proliferation/differentiation and to compare them with those of
trichostatin A, a well known inhibitor of histone deacetylase.
METHODS
HT-29 cells
were grown in the absence or presence of butyrate or trichostatin A. Cell proliferation and cell cycle distribution were studied after DNA
staining by crystal violet and propidium iodide respectively. Cell
cycle regulatory proteins were studied by western blot and reverse
transcription-polymerase chain reaction. Cell differentiation was
followed by measuring brush border enzyme activities. Histone
acetylation was studied by acid/urea/Triton acrylamide gel electrophoresis.
RESULTS
Butyrate
blocked cells mainly in the G1 phase of the cell cycle,
whereas trichostatin A was inhibitory in both G1 and
G2 phases. Butyrate inhibited the mRNA expression of cyclin
D1 without affecting its protein expression and stimulated the protein
expression of cyclin D3 without affecting its mRNA expression.
Trichostatin A showed similar effects on cyclin D1 and D3. Butyrate and
trichostatin A stimulated p21 expression both at the mRNA and protein
levels, whereas their effects on the expression of cyclin dependent
kinases were slightly different. Moreover, butyrate strongly
stimulated the activity of alkaline phosphatase and dipeptidyl
peptidase IV, whereas trichostatin A had no effect. Finally, a six
hour exposure to butyrate or trichostatin A induced histone H4
hyperacetylation. At 15 and 24 hours, histone H4 remained
hyperacetylated in the presence of butyrate, whereas it returned to
control levels in the presence of trichostatin A.
CONCLUSIONS
The data
may explain how butyrate acts on cell proliferation/differentiation,
and they show that trichostatin A does not reproduce every effect of
butyrate, mainly because of its shorter half life.
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