COELIAC DISEASE

Interleukin 18 and associated markers of T helper cell type 1 activity in coeliac disease

V M Salvati¹, T T MacDonald², M Bajaj-Elliott³, M Borrelli¹, A Staiano¹, S Auricchio¹, R Troncone¹, G Monteleone²

¹ Department of Pediatrics and European Laboratory for the Investigation of Food-Induced Diseases, University Federico II, Naples, Italy
² Division for Infection, Inflammation, and Repair, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
³ Department of Paediatric and Adult Gastroenterology, St Bartholomews and the Royal London School of Medicine and Dentistry, London, UK

Correspondence to:
Correspondence to:
G Monteleone, Division of Infection, Inflammation, and Repair, School of Medicine, Southampton General Hospital, MailPoint 813, Level E, South Academic Block, Tremona Road, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK;
g.monteleone{at}soton.ac.uk

Background: Coeliac disease (CD) is caused by a T helper cell type 1 (Th1) response in the small intestinal mucosa to dietary gluten. Paradoxically, interleukin (IL)-12, the major Th1 inducing factor, is undetectable in the mucosa of active CD. IL-18 is a recently described cytokine capable of promoting T cell interferon (IFN)- production and facilitating Th1 cell polarisation.

Aim: To examine expression of IL-18 and IL-18-associated Th1 proteins in CD.

Methods: IL-18 and IFN- RNA transcripts were determined by quantitative reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). IL-18 and caspase-1 protein expression were assessed by western blotting. Caspase-1 activity was determined using a commercially available assay. RNA transcripts for the IL-18 receptor subunits, IL-1 receptor related protein (IL-1 Rrp) and accessory protein-like subunit (AcPL), and IL-18 induced Th1 specific T box transcription factor (T-bet) were measured by RT-PCR and Southern blotting.

Results: IL-18 RNA transcripts were found in all mucosal samples analysed, with no difference between CD patients and controls. By western blot analysis, a large protein of approximately 24 kDa, corresponding to the immature IL-18, was detected in all mucosal samples from CD patients and controls. In contrast, mature IL-18 was only seen in CD patients. Immunoreactivity corresponding to both immature and mature caspase-1 was present in both CD and control samples. Tissue homogenates from CD patients and controls expressed similar levels of caspase-1 activity. IL-1Rrp and AcPL were seen in all samples but were expressed at greater levels in the mucosa of CD patients. T-bet was also upregulated in CD.

Conclusions: Active IL-18 is expressed in CD as well as other markers of Th1 polarisation.

Keywords: coeliac disease; interleukin 18; Th1 response

Abbreviations: CD, coeliac disease; IFN, interferon; IL, interleukin; T-bet, T box transcription factor; IL-1Rrp, interleukin 1 receptor related protein; AcPL, accessory protein-like; RT-PCR, reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction; ICE, IL-1ß converting enzyme; Th1, T helper cell type 1

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