STOMACH

Apple polyphenol extracts prevent damage to human gastric epithelial cells in vitro and to rat gastric mucosa in vivo

G Graziani¹, G D’Argenio², C Tuccillo³, C Loguercio³, A Ritieni¹, F Morisco¹, C Del Vecchio Blanco³, V Fogliano¹, M Romano³

¹ Dipartimento di Scienza degli Alimenti, Università di Napoli "Federico II" Parco Gussone, Ed 84-80055 Portici (NA), Italy
² Gastroenterologia, Università Federico II, Napoli, Italy
³ Centro Interuniversitario di Ricerche su Alimenti, Nutrizione ed Apparato Digerente (CIRANAD) and Dipartimento Medico Chirurgico di Internistica Clinica e Sperimentale, Cattedra di Gastroenterologia y Seconda Università di Napoli, Napoli, Italy

Correspondence to:
Correspondence to:
Dr M Romano
Dipartimento di Internistica Clinica e Sperimentale-Gastroenterologia, II Policlinico, Edificio 3, II piano, Via Pansini 5, 80131 Napoli, Italy; marco.romano{at}unina2.it

Background: Fresh fruit and vegetables exert multiple biological effects on the gastrointestinal mucosa.

Aim: To assess whether apple extracts counteract oxidative or indomethacin induced damage to gastric epithelial cells in vitro and to rat gastric mucosa in vivo.

Methods: Apple extracts were obtained from freeze dried apple flesh of the "Annurca" variety. Cell damage was induced by incubating MKN 28 cells with xanthine-xanthine oxidase or indomethacin and quantitated by MTT. In vivo gastric damage was induced by indomethacin 35 mg/kg. Intracellular antioxidant activity was determined using the (2,2'-azinobis (3-ethylbenzothiazolin-6-sulfonate) method. Malondialdehyde intracellular concentration, an index of lipid peroxidation, was determined by high pressure liquid chromatography with fluorometric detection.

Results: (1) Apple extracts decreased xanthine-xanthine oxidase or indomethacin induced injury to gastric epithelial cells by 50%; (2) catechin or chlorogenic acid (the main phenolic components of apple extracts) were equally effective as apple extracts in preventing oxidative injury to gastric cells; and (3) apple extracts (i) caused a fourfold increase in intracellular antioxidant activity, (ii) prevented its decrease induced by xanthine-xanthine oxidase, (iii) counteracted xanthine-xanthine oxidase induced lipid peroxidation, and (iv) decreased indomethacin injury to the rat gastric mucosa by 40%.

Conclusions: Apple extracts prevent exogenous damage to human gastric epithelial cells in vitro and to the rat gastric mucosa in vivo. This effect seems to be associated with the antioxidant activity of apple phenolic compounds. A diet rich in apple antioxidants might exert a beneficial effect in the prevention of gastric diseases related to generation of reactive oxygen species.

Abbreviations: ROS, reactive oxygen species; NSAIDs, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs; APE, apple polyphenol extracts; BHT, butylated hydroxytoluol; HPLC, high pressure liquid chromatography; CAT, catechin; CA, chlorogenic acid; ECAT, epicatechin; X, xanthine; XO, xanthine oxidase; MTT, 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl tetrazoliumbromide; LDH, lactate dehydrogenase; MDA, malondialdehyde

Keywords: MKN 28 gastric cells; apple phenolic compounds; reactive oxygen species; gastric mucosa

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