Causes of death in the ligation and transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt (TIPS) groups
| Ligation (n=16) | TIPS (n=17) | |
| Variceal bleeding | 3 | — |
| Liver failure | 9 | 10 |
| Sepsis | 2 | 2 |
| Hepatocellular carcinoma | — | 3 |
| Haemoperitoneum | — | 1 |
| Heart failure | 1 | 1 |
| Non-hepatic cancer | 1 | — |