Growth factor | Growth factor activity | Pharmacological action | In vitro effect | Blockade |
---|---|---|---|---|
*Corticosteroids do not promote expression of sucrase and other brush border genes in humans but they do induce expression in laboratory animals. They do not cause proliferation in human explant culture and are antitrophic to both the suckling and adult rat intestine. | ||||
†GLP-2 receptors are mainly distributed in the distal small intestine and colon. | ||||
‡Some of the actions of thyroxine are mediated via corticosteroids. | ||||
§Knockout animals have generally only been examined for major abnormalities of intestinal and other organ development and not the small intestine morphometrically | ||||
EGF, epidermal growth factor; Epo, erythropoietin; bFGF, fibroblast basic growth factor; GH, growth hormone; GLP, glucagon-like polypeptide; HGF, hepatocyte growth factor; IGF-1, insulin-like growth factor 1; KGF, keratinocyte growth factor; PGE2, prostaglandin E2; TGF, transforming growth factor; KO, knockout mouse; ND, not determined; Yes, has been determined. | ||||
Corticosteroids* | No | Antitrophic | Yes | Yes |
EGF | Present in milk | Yes | Yes | Yes, KO§ |
Epo | Present in milk | Yes | Yes | Lethal KO |
bFGF | ND | Yes | Yes | Yes |
GH | ND | Yes | ND | Yes |
GLP-2† | ND | Yes | ND | ND |
HGF | Present in milk | Yes | Yes | Lethal KO |
Insulin | Yes | Yes | Yes | No |
IGF-1 | Present in milk | Yes | Yes | No, KO§ |
KGF | Present in milk | Yes | ND | No, KO§ |
PGE2 | ND | Yes | ND | Yes |
Polyamines | Present in milk | Yes | ND | Yes |
T-cells | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
TGFα | Present in milk | Yes | ND | No, KO§ |
Thyroxine‡ | Yes | Yes | Variable | Yes, KO§ |