Examples of drug target pharmacogenetics
| Gene/gene product | Drug | Drug effect associated with polymorphism | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|
| ACE | ACE inhibitors (eg, enalapril) | Renoprotective effects, BP reduction, left ventricular mass reduction, endothelial function improvement, ACE inhibitor induced cough. | (66, 117–125) |
| Fluvastatin | Lipid changes (eg, reductions in total LDL-cholesterol and apolipoprotein B); progression/regression of atherosclerotic lesions. | ||
| β2 adrenergic receptor | β2 agonists (eg, albuterol, terbutaline) | Bronchodilatation, susceptibility to agonist induced desensitisation, cardiovascular effects (eg, increased heart rate, cardiac index, peripheral vasodilatation). | (9, 68–70,126–130) |
| Gs protein α | β blockers (eg, metoprolol) | Antihypertensive effect | (131) |
| Platelet FC receptor (FCRII) | Heparin | Heparin induced thrombocytopenia. | (132) |
| ALOX5 | Leukotriene biosynthesis inhibitors (eg, ABT-761-zileuton derivative) | Improvement in FEV1 | (10) |
| Oestrogen receptor | Conjugated oestrogens | Bone mineral density increases. | (133) |
| Sulfonylurea receptor | Sulfonylureas (eg, tolbutamide) | Sulfonylurea induced insulin release. | (134) |
| Dopamine receptors (D2, D3, D4) | Antipsychotics (eg, haloperidol, clozapine, thioridazine nemorapride) | Antipsychotic response (D2, D3, D4), antipsychotic induced tardive dyskinsia (D3), antipsychotic induced acute akathisia (D3), hyperprolactinaemia in women (D2) | (73, 135–141) |
| 5HT2A, 5HT6 | Antipsychotics (eg, clozapine, typical antipsychotics | Clozapine response (5HT2A, 5HT6), typical antipsychotic response and long term outcomes (5HT2A). | (142–144) |
| G protein β3 | Antidepressants (various) | Response to antidepressant therapy. | (145) |
| Serotonin transporter (5-HTT) | Antidepressants (eg, clomipramine, fluoxetine, paroxetine, fluvoxamine) | Clozapine effects, 5-HT neurotransmission, antidepressant response. | (73, 146–148) |
| Ryanodine receptor | Anaesthetics (eg, halothane) | Malignant hyperthermia | (149) |