Prognostic biomarkers in colorectal cancer
| Biomarker | Mutation frequency | Prognosis | Evidence | Status |
| Microsatellite instability (MSI) | 15% | Favourable | Strong | Testing available but not yet widely used |
| Chromosome instability (CIN) | 70% | Unfavourable | Strong | No readily available test, not in clinical use |
| 18qLOH/SMAD4 loss | 50% | Unfavourable | Moderate | No readily available test, not in clinical use |
| BRAF V600E mutations | 10% | Probably unfavourable | Moderate | Testing available but insufficient evidence to use for prognosis |
| KRAS codon 12/13 mutations | 40% | Probably unfavourable in advanced disease | Limited | Testing widely available but insufficient evidence to use for prognosis |
| PIK3CA mutations | 20% | Possibly unfavourable | Limited | No readily available test, not in clinical use |