Table 4

Univariate and multivariate analysis of the risk factors of clarithromycin, levofloxacin and metronidazole resistance in Europe

	Clarithromycin				Levofloxacin				Metronidazole
	Univariate analysis		Multivariate analysis		Univariate analysis		Multivariate analysis		Univariate analysis		Multivariate analysis
	OR (95% CI)	p Value	OR (95% CI)	p Value	OR (95% CI)	p Value	OR (95% CI)	p Value	OR (95% CI)	p Value	OR (95% CI)	p Value
Gender
Men	1				1				1
Women	1.40 (1.10 to 1.78)	0.006			1.07 (0.82 to 1.39)	0.59			1.59 (1.31 to 1.92)	0.001	1.63 (1.28 to 2.09)	0.001
Age
<50 years	1				1				1
>50 years	1.13 (0.89 to 1.44)	0.305			1.41 (1.08 to 1.83)	0.01	1.51 (1.09 to 2.09)	0.012	0.91 (0.75 to 1.10)	0.329
Region of birth
Northern Europe^*	1				1				1
Western/Central Europe^†	2.98 (1.58 to 5.61)	0.0007	3.76 (1.58 to 8.97)	0.002	2.71 (1.44 to 5.13)	0.002			1.31 (0.90 to 1.90)	0.157	1.36 (0.86 to 2.14)	0.178
Southern Europe^‡	3.98 (2.15 to 7.36)	0.0001	5.36 (2.30 to 12.52)	0.0001	2.20 (1.17 to 4.11)	0.013			0.83 (0.57 to 1.19)	0.319	0.95 (0.61 to 1.48)	0.838
Outside Europe	2.74 (1.38 to 5.43)	0.0038	3.45 (1.37 to 8.68)	0.008	3.22 (1.64 to 6.32)	0.0001			1.75 (1.15 to 2.67)	0.008	1.99 (1.20 to 3.29)	0.007
Region of residence
Northern Europe	1				1				1
Western/Central Europe	2.51 (1.51 to 4.18)	0.0004			2.26 (1.38 to 3.69)	0.001	4.41 (1.88 to 10.34)	0.0001	1.77 (1.28 to 2.45)	0.001
Southern Europe	3.06 (1.85 to 5.05)	0.0001			1.54 (0.94 to 2.53)	0.085	3.35 (1.42 to 7.88)	0.005	0.99 (0.72 to 1.37)	0.981
Endoscopy finding
No ulcer	1				1				1
Ulcer	0.49 (0.33 to 0.73)	0.0001	0.50 (0.32 to 0.77)	0.002	0.72 (0.49 to 1.05)	0.091	0.65 (0.42 to 0.99)	0.046	0.85 (0.65 to 1.11)	0.233

↵* Northern Europe: Finland, Ireland, Lithuania, Norway, The Netherlands and the UK.
↵† Western/Central Europe: Austria, Belgium, France, Germany, Hungary and Poland.
↵‡ Southern Europe: Croatia, Greece, Italy, Portugal, Slovenia and Spain.