Smoking and dietary factors in UC
| Unadjusted | Adjusted* (Asia only) | Adjusted* (Asia and Australia) | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| OR | 95% CI | p Value | OR | 95% CI | p Value | OR | 95% CI | p Value | |
| Smoking | |||||||||
| Never | 1 | – | – | 1 | – | – | 1 | – | – |
| Ex | 2.060 | 1.286 to 3.301 | 0.003 | 2.022 | 1.220 to 3.352 | 0.006 | 2.034 | 1.294 to 3.197 | 0.002 |
| Current | 1.159 | 0.723 to 1.859 | 0.541 | 1.091 | 0.660 to 1.805 | 0.733 | 0.912 | 0.564 to 1.476 | 0.708 |
| Fruits (daily) | 0.869 | 0.648 to 1.166 | 0.349 | 0.875 | 0.646 to 1.184 | 0.387 | 0.952 | 0.707 to 1.280 | 0.743 |
| Vegetables (daily) | 0.984 | 0.653 to 1.483 | 0.940 | 0.997 | 0.659 to 1.508 | 0.987 | 1.026 | 0.683 to 1.541 | 0.903 |
| Eggs (daily) | 1.253 | 0.906 to 1.733 | 0.173 | 1.31 | 0.943 to 1.821 | 0.107 | 1.266 | 0.915 to 1.751 | 0.155 |
| Bread§ | |||||||||
| >4 day | 0.881 | 0.559 to 1.389 | 0.586 | 0.779 | 0.490 to 1.238 | 0.291 | 0.856 | 0.548 to 1.336 | 0.493 |
| Wholemeal | 1.168 | 0.818 to 1.668 | 0.393 | 1.177 | 0.818 to 1.695 | 0.380 | 1.139 | 0.800 to 1.624 | 0.470 |
| Cereal§ | |||||||||
| Muesli daily | 1.317 | 0.805 to 2.155 | 0.273 | 1.463 | 0.886 to 2.414 | 0.137 | 1.662 | 1.037 to 2.663 | 0.035 |
| Cornflakes daily | 1.783 | 1.154 to 2.755 | 0.009 | 1.483 | 0.943 to 2.332 | 0.088 | 1.496 | 0.957 to 2.338 | 0.077 |
| Juice (≥twice/week)§ | 0.965 | 0.494 to 1.886 | 0.917 | 0.944 | 0.476 to 1.871 | 0.869 | 1.063 | 0.573 to 1.974 | 0.845 |
| Soft drinks (≥twice/week)§ | 1.214 | 0.640 to 2.300 | 0.553 | 1.432 | 0.742 to 2.762 | 0.284 | 1.553 | 0.831 to 2.899 | 0.167 |
| Coffee (daily)§ | 0.477 | 0.341 to 0.667 | 0† | 0.508 | 0.361 to 0.716 | 0† | 0.490 | 0.350 to 0.686 | 0† |
| Tea (daily)§ | 0.583 | 0.431 to 0.788 | 0† | 0.632 | 0.464 to 0.862 | 0.004 | 0.630 | 0.465 to 0.853 | 0.003 |
| Western diet (≥50%) | |||||||||
| At present | 0.681 | 0.448 to 1.035 | 0.072 | 0.77 | 0.501 to 1.184 | 0.234 | 0.723 | 0.471 to 1.110 | 0.138 |
| Before 20-years-old | 0.868 | 0.576 to 1.307 | 0.498 | 1.004 | 0.658 to 1.533 | 0.985 | 0.984 | 0.648 to 1.495 | 0.941 |
| Physical activities | |||||||||
| Daily | 0.798 | 0.549 to 1.161 | 0.239 | 0.741 | 0.507 to 1.084 | 0.122 | 0.812 | 0.562 to 1.175 | 0.269 |
| Weekly | 0.670 | 0.462 to 0.971 | 0.034 | 0.709 | 0.486 to 1.035 | 0.075 | 0.753 | 0.520 to 1.090 | 0.133 |
| Less often | 1 | – | – | 1 | – | – | 1 | – | – |
| Major stressful event before diagnosis | 1.009 | 0.718 to 1.419 | 0.958 | 0.984 | 0.697 to 1.390 | 0.929 | 1.098 | 0.784 to 1.537 | 0.586 |
Statistically significant results are shown in bold (p<0.05).
*Adjusted for sex, age and country income based on GNI.
†Significant at p<0.0006 level after Bonferroni adjustment.
§>20% ‘unsure’ responses for one of more subject categories.
GNI, gross national income.