Postendoscopy GI bleeding | Postendoscopy thromboembolism | Postendoscopy death | ||||
OR (95% CI) | p Value | OR (95% CI) | p Value | OR (95% CI) | p Value | |
Anticoagulants | ||||||
DOACs | Reference | Reference | Reference | |||
Warfarin | 1.22 (1.07 to 1.39) | 0.003 | 1.16 (0.97 to 1.39) | 0.099 | 1.15 (0.96 to 1.38) | 0.126 |
Endoscopic procedures | ||||||
PEG | Reference | Reference | Reference | |||
Upper GI haemostasis | 13.6 (9.93 to 18.5) | <0.001 | 0.98 (0.76 to 1.26) | 0.871 | 0.68 (0.54 to 0.84) | <0.001 |
Lower GI EMR | 7.27 (5.21 to 10.1) | <0.001 | 0.59 (0.43 to 0.81) | 0.001 | 0.06 (0.03 to 0.12) | <0.001 |
EST | 3.45 (2.39 to 5.00) | <0.001 | 0.86 (0.65 to 1.14) | 0.285 | 0.18 (0.12 to 0.26) | <0.001 |
Lower GI haemostasis | 11.0 (7.70 to 15.8) | <0.001 | 0.98 (0.68 to 1.42) | 0.920 | 0.43 (0.29 to 0.64) | <0.001 |
Upper GI ESD | 45.2 (32.4 to 62.7) | <0.001 | 0.72 (0.47 to 1.10) | 0.126 | 0.08 (0.034 to 0.20) | <0.001 |
Lower GI polypectomy | 7.83 (5.21 to 11.8) | <0.001 | 0.51 (0.29 to 0.88) | 0.016 | 0.02 (0.003 to 0.154) | <0.001 |
Lower GI ESD | 10.0 (6.29 to 16.0) | <0.001 | 0.64 (0.32 to 1.27) | 0.202 | NA* | NA* |
EUS-FNA | 2.32 (1.08 to 4.98) | 0.030 | 1.10 (0.63 to 1.93) | 0.743 | 0.80 (0.48 to 1.33) | 0.383 |
Upper GI EMR/polypectomy | 14.69 (8.93 to 24.2) | <0.001 | 0.44 (0.16 to 1.20) | 0.109 | 0.06 (0.01 to 0.45) | 0.006 |
Endoscopic balloon dilatation | 0.40 (0.06 to 2.95) | 0.372 | 0.66 (0.29 to 1.52) | 0.327 | 0.60 (0.30 to 1.18) | 0.137 |
EVL | 17.62 (10.3 to 30.2) | <0.001 | 0.15 (0.02 to 1.08) | 0.060 | 0.97 (0.50 to 1.88) | 0.924 |
EIS | 10.87 (4.85 to 24.3) | <0.001 | 1.31 (0.47 to 3.68) | 0.607 | 0.18 (0.02 to 1.32) | 0.092 |
*NA: no deaths occurred in association with any procedure.
DOACs, direct oral anticoagulants; EIS, endoscopic injection sclerotherapy; EMR, endoscopic mucosal resection; ESD, endoscopic submucosal dissection; EST, endoscopic sphincterotomy; EUS-FNA, endoscopic ultrasound-guided fine needle aspiration; EVL, endoscopic variceal ligation; PEG, percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy.