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Microbial Endocrinology: The Microbiota-Gut-Brain Axis in Health and Disease pp 73–113Cite as

Intestinal Barrier Function and the Brain-Gut Axis

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Part of the book series: Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology ((MICENDO,volume 817))

Abstract

The luminal-mucosal interface of the intestinal tract is the first relevant location where microorganism-derived antigens and all other potentially immunogenic particles face the scrutiny of the powerful mammalian immune system. Upon regular functioning conditions, the intestinal barrier is able to effectively prevent most environmental and external antigens to interact openly with the numerous and versatile elements that compose the mucosal-associated immune system. This evolutionary super system is capable of processing an astonishing amount of antigens and non-immunogenic particles, approximately 100 tons in one individual lifetime, only considering food-derived components. Most important, to develop oral tolerance and proper active immune responses needed to prevent disease and inflammation, this giant immunogenic load has to be managed in a way that physiological inflammatory balance is constantly preserved. Adequate functioning of the intestinal barrier involves local and distant regulatory networks integrating the so-called brain-gut axis. Along this complex axis both brain and gut structures participate in the processing and execution of response signals to external and internal changes coming from the digestive tract, using multidirectional pathways to communicate. Dysfunction of brain-gut axis facilitates malfunctioning of the intestinal barrier, and vice versa, increasing the risk of uncontrolled immunological reactions that may trigger mucosal and brain low-grade inflammation, a putative first step to the initiation of more permanent gut disorders. In this chapter, we describe the structure, function and interactions of intestinal barrier, microbiota and brain-gut axis in both healthy and pathological conditions.

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Abbreviations

ACTH:

Corticotropin

CNS:

Central nervous system

CRF:

Corticotropin-releasing-factor

DSS:

Dextran sulphate sodium

ENS:

Enteric nervous system

GALT:

Gut-associated lymphoid tissue

GCs:

Goblet cells

HNPs:

Human neutrophil peptides

HPA:

Hypothalamic pituitary-adrenal axis

IBD:

Inflammatory bowel disease

IBS:

Irritable bowel syndrome

JAMs:

Junctional adhesion molecules

MAPKs:

Mitogen-activated protein kinases

MARVEL:

MAL and related proteins for vesicle trafficking and membrane link

MLC:

Myosin light chain

MLCK:

Myosin light chain kinase

MUC:

Mucins

NGF:

Nerve growth factor

NLRs:

Nod-like receptors

NOD:

Nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain

PAMP:

Pathogen-associated molecular patterns

POFUT1:

Protein O-fucosyltransferase 1

PRR:

Pattern recognition receptors

RELM:

Resistin-like molecule

TJs:

Tight junctions

TNBS:

Trinitrobenzene sulphonic acid

ZO:

Zonula occludens

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Acknowledgements

Supported in part by the Fondo de Investigación Sanitaria and Ciberehd, Instituto Carlos III, Subdirección General de Investigación Sanitaria, Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación (PI12/00314, Alonso, C.; CM08/00229, Lobo, B; CM10/00155, Pigrau, M; CP10/00502, PI13/00935, Vicario, M; PI11/00716 & CB06/04/0021, Santos, J.).

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Neuro-Immuno-Gastroenterology Group, Digestive Diseases Research Unit, Gastroenterology Department, Hospital Universitari Vall d’Hebron, Vall d’Hebron Research Institute, Paseo Vall d’Hebron 119-129, 08035, Barcelona, Spain

    Carmen Alonso, María Vicario, Marc Pigrau, Beatriz Lobo & Javier Santos

  2. Department of Medicine, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (Ciberehd), Barcelona, Spain

    Carmen Alonso, María Vicario, Marc Pigrau, Beatriz Lobo & Javier Santos

Authors
  1. Carmen Alonso
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  2. María Vicario
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  3. Marc Pigrau
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  4. Beatriz Lobo
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  5. Javier Santos
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Correspondence to Javier Santos .

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Editors and Affiliations

  1. Immunotherapeutics and Biotechnology, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Abilene, Texas, USA

    Mark Lyte

  2. Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University College, Cork, Cork, Ireland

    John F. Cryan

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Alonso, C., Vicario, M., Pigrau, M., Lobo, B., Santos, J. (2014). Intestinal Barrier Function and the Brain-Gut Axis. In: Lyte, M., Cryan, J. (eds) Microbial Endocrinology: The Microbiota-Gut-Brain Axis in Health and Disease. Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology(), vol 817. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-0897-4_4

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