Summary
Leakage of lactate dehydrogenase and staining by the vital dye trypan blue were investigated in adult rat hepatocytes at the time of isolation, in suspensions up to 3 h and in primary monolayer cultures up to 3 d. These two parameters of plasma membrane integrity were found to correlate closely in hepatocyte suspensions, but to a lesser degree in monolayer cultures. Functional activity was demonstrated in culture by glucose consumption and lactic acid production. There was a balance of total lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) activity over time for both hepatocyte suspensions and cultures. Loss of LDH activity in the cell fraction was accompanied by a corresponding increase in enzyme activity in the media fraction. Lactate dehydrogenase activity per dye-excluding hepatocyte was calculated to be 9.2±1.5×10−6 IU assayed at 37°C for 25 preparations of isolated hepatocytes.
The results suggest that leakage of cytoplasmic enzyme and vital dye staining are of comparable sensitivity in evaluating hepatocyte preparations. Measurement of LDH leakage offers a less subjective alternative to cell counting procedures and is applicable to both attached and suspended cells.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Seglen, P. O. Preparation of isolated rat liver cells. Prescott, D. M. ed. Methods in cell biology. Vol. 13. New York: Academic Press; 1976: 29–83.
Gebhart, R.; Bellemann, P.; Mecke, D. Metabolic and enzymatic characteristics of adult rat liver parenchymal cells in non-proliferating primary monolayer cultures. Exp. Cell Res. 112: 431–441; 1978.
Fry, J. C.; Jones, C. A.; Weibkin, P.; Bellemann, P.; Bridges, J. W. The enzymic isolation of adult rat hepatocytes in a functional and viable state. Anal. Biochem. 71: 341–350; 1976.
Bissell, D.; Guzelian, P. S. Phenotypic stability of adult rat hepatocytes in primary monolayer culture. Borek, C.; Williams, G. M. eds., Differentiation and carcinogenesis in liver cell cultures. Vol. 349, New York: New York Academy of Sciences; 1980: 85–98.
Krebs, H. A.; Lund, P.; Edwards, M. Criteria of metabolic competence of isolated hepatocytes. Reid, E. ed. Cell populations. England: Ellis Horwood Limited; 1979: 1–6.
Baur, H.; Kasperek, S.; Pfaff, E. Criteria of viability of isolated liver cells. Hoppe-Seyler's Z. Physiol. Chem. 356: 827–838; 1975.
Crisp, D. M.; Pogson, C. I. Glycolytic and gluconeogenic enzyme activities in parenchymal and non-parenchymal cells from mouse liver. Biochem. J. 126: 1009–1023; 1972.
Jeejeebhoy, K.; Phillips, J. M. Isolated mammalian hepatocytes in culture. Gastroenterology 71: 1086–1096; 1976.
Grisham, J. W., Use of hepatic cell cultures to detect and evaluate the mechanisms of action of toxic chemicals. Richter, G. W.; Epstein, M. A. eds. International review of experimental pathology. Vol. 20. New York: Academic Press; 1979: 124–210.
Bissell, D. M.; Hammaker, L. E.; Meyer, U. A. Parenchymal cells from adult rat liver in nonproliferating monolayer culture. J. Cell Biol. 59: 722–734; 1973.
Pariza, M. W.; Yager, J. D.; Goldfarb, S.; et al. Biochemical, autoradiographic and electron microscopic studies of adult rat liver parenchymal cells in primary culture. Gerchenson, L. E.; Thompson, E. B. eds. Gene expression and carcinogenesis in cultured liver. New York: Academic Press; 1975: 137–167.
Savage, C. R.; Bonney, R. J. Extended expression of differentiated function in primary cultures of adult liver parenchymal cells maintained on nitrocellulose filters. Exp. Cell Res. 114: 307–315; 1978.
Williams, G. M.; Gunn, J. M. Long term culture of adult rat liver epithelial cells. Exp. Cell Res. 89: 139–142; 1974.
Phillips, H. J. Dye exclusion tests for cell viability. Kruse, P. F., Jr.; Patterson, M. K., Jr. eds. Tissue culture methods and applications. New York: Academic Press; 1973: 406–408.
Tolnai, S. A method for viable cell count. TCA Manual 1: 37–38; 1975.
Lehninger, A. L. Biochemistry. New York: Worth; 1972.
Tolman, K. G.; Peterson, P.; Gray, P.; Hammar, S. P. Hepatotoxicity of salicylates in monolayer cell cultures. Gastroenterology 74: 205–208; 1978.
Anuforo, D. C.; Acosta, D.; Smith, R. V. Hepatotoxicity studies with primary cultures of rat liver cells. In Vitro 14: 981–987; 1978.
Dujovne, C. A.; Shoeman, D.; Bianchine, J.; Lasagna, L. Experimental bases for the different hepatotoxicity of erythromycin preparations in man. J. Lab. Clin. Med. 79: 832–844; 1972.
Jauregui, H. O.; Hayner, N.; Laliberte, R.; Lipsky, M.; McMillan, P.; Galletti, P. M. Procurement of hepatocytes for a hybrid artificial liver. Trans. Am. Soc. Artif. Intern. Organs 25: 487–492; 1979.
Berry, M. N.; Friend, D. S. High yield preparation of isolated rat liver parenchymal cells. J. Cell Biol. 43: 506–520; 1969.
Williams, G. M.; Bermudez, E.; Scaramuzzino, D. Rat hepatocyte primary cell cultures. III. Improved dissociation and attachment techniques and the enhancement of survival by culture medium. In Vitro 13: 809–817; 1977.
Scandinavian Society for Clinical Chemistry and Clinical Physiology: Recommended methods for the determination of four enzymes in blood. Scand. J. Clin. Lab Invest. 33: 291; 1974.
Bergmeyer, H. U.; Scheibe, P.; Wahlefeld, A. W. Optimization of methods for aspartate aminotransferase and alanine aminotransferase. Clin. Chem. 24: 58–73; 1978.
Trinder, P. Determination of glucose in blood using glucose oxidase with an alternative oxygen acceptor. Ann. Clin. Biochem. 6: 24–27; 1969.
Henry, R. J. Clinical chemistry principles and technics. New York: Harper and Row; 1968: 664–666.
Pesce, M. A.; Strande, C. S. A new micromethod for determination of protein in cerebrospinal fluid and urine. Clin. Chem. 19: 1265–1267; 1973.
Elevitch, F. R. Fluorometric techniques in clinical chemistry. Boston: Little and Brown; 1973: 238.
Laishes, B. A.; Williams, G. M. Conditions affecting primary cell cultures of functional adult rat hepatocytes. I. The effect of insulin. In Vitro 12: 521–532; 1976.
Regoeczi, E.; Taylor, P. The net weight of the rat liver. Growth 42: 451–456; 1978.
Berg, T.; Boman, D.; Seglen, P. O. Induction of tryptophan oxygenase in primary rat liver cell suspensions by glucocorticoid hormone. Exp. Cell Res. 72: 571–574; 1972.
Ontko, J. A. Metabolism of free fatty acids in isolated liver cells. J. Biol. Chem. 247: 1788–1800; 1972.
Wilkinson, J. H. Isoenzymes. 2nd ed. London: Chapman and Hall; 1970.
Hook, M.; Rubin, K.; Oldberg, A.; Obrink, B.; Vaheri, A. Cold-insoluble globulin mediates the adhesion of rat liver cells to plastic petri dishes. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 79: 726–733; 1977.
Deschenes, J.; Valet, J. P.; Marceau, N. Hepatocytes from newborn and weanling rats in monolayer culture: isolation by perfusion, fibronectin mediated adhesion, spreading and functional activities. In Vitro 16: 722–730; 1980.
Merchant, D. J.; Kahn, R. H.; Murphy, W. H. Handbook of cell and organ culture. Minneapolis: Burgess Publishing; 1964: 195–197.
Searpelli, D. G.; Trump, B. F. Cell injury. Kalamazoo: Upjohn Co.; 1971: 7–64.
Acosta, D.; Puchett, M.; McMillan, R. Ischemic myocardial injury in cultured heart cells: leakage of cytoplasmic enzymes from injured cells. In Vitro 14: 728–732; 1978.
Bissell, D.; Montgomery, M.; Levine, G. A.; Bissell, M. J. Glucose metabolism by adult hepatocytes in primary culture and by cell lines from rat liver. Am. J. Physiol. 234: 122–130; 1978.
Ichihara, A.; Nakamura, T.; Tanaka, K.; Tomita, Y.; Aoyama, K.; Kato, S.; Shinno, H. Biochemical functions of adult rat hepatocytes in primary culture. Borek, C.; Williams, G. M. eds. Differentiation and carcinogenesis in liver cell cultures. Vol. 349. New York: New York Academy of Sciences; 1980: 77–84.
Sinclair, R. Glucose metabolism and dehydrogenase activities in the cytosol and mitochondria of mouse LS cells in chemostat culture. In Vitro 16: 1076–1084; 1980.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Additional information
This study was supported in part by Grants HL-11945-11 and 1-RO1-AM 26520-01A1 from the National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Jauregui, H.O., Hayner, N.T., Driscoll, J.L. et al. Trypan blue dye uptake and lactate dehydrogenase in adult rat hepatocytes—Freshly isolated cells, cell suspensions, and primary monolayer cultures. In Vitro 17, 1100–1110 (1981). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02618612
Received:
Accepted:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02618612