Plasma endotoxin and tumor necrosis factor-α in the hyperkinetic state of cirrhosis
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Role of albumin in diseases associated with severe systemic inflammation: Pathophysiologic and clinical evidence in sepsis and in decompensated cirrhosis
2016, Journal of Critical CareCitation Excerpt :Albumin also binds arachidonic acid, prostaglandins, thromboxane, and leukotrienes and has a dichotomous effect on eicosanoids. On the one hand, the protein, which has intrinsic enzymatic activity, catalyzes their synthesis or degradation, whereas on the other hand, it stabilizes the molecule by delaying hydrolysis [47–52]. Therefore, albumin serves to store, transport, and provide NO and eicosanoids to target sites, thus acting as a protective agent to mitigate harmful biological effects.
Cirrhosis-associated immune dysfunction: Distinctive features and clinical relevance
2014, Journal of HepatologyCitation Excerpt :As shown in Table 1, the in vivo activation of circulating immune cells in cirrhosis is supported by the presence of: (i) neutrophils, showing an increased respiratory burst and enhanced expression of CD11b [27,31], (ii) monocytes, featuring the enhanced surface expression of HLA-DR and activation/co-stimulatory molecules CD80 and CD86, as well as the upregulation of pathways and the increased production of pro-inflammatory cytokines (e.g. TNFα, IL-6) [34,50,52,57,58], (iii) T lymphocytes, showing an increased surface expression of activation antigens that are polarized to augmented IFNγ, TNFα, and IL-17 production [34,50,59,60], and (iv) B lymphocytes, showing an upregulation of the activation/co-stimulatory markers, HLA-DR and CD86, and an increased responsiveness to cytokines and hyperglobulinemia [61,62]. Activated circulating immune cells eventually become major contributors to increased serum concentrations of pro-inflammatory cytokines such as TNFα, TNFα soluble receptors I and II, IL-1β, IL-6 and IFNγ, IL-17, as well as ICAM-1 and VCAM-1, present in experimental and human cirrhosis [34,50,59,63–81]. Specifically, monocytes are a major source of circulating TNFα in cirrhosis, as shown by the direct correlation observed between serum levels of this critical effector cytokine and the TNFα production capacity of monocytes [34].
Human serum albumin, systemic inflammation, and cirrhosis
2014, Journal of HepatologyCitation Excerpt :The first is multi-organ dysfunction. The second is a systemic inflammatory reaction with increased plasma and ascitic fluid concentration of cytokines and C-reactive protein (CRP) [121–129]. Finally, the third is an increased systemic oxidative stress with a high levels of oxidized HSA and of other markers of oxidative stress [58,72].