Lipid peroxidation and cancer

Modern analytical methods combined with the modern concepts of redox signaling revealed 4-hydroxy-2-nonenal (4-HNE) as particular growth regulating factor involved in redox signaling under physiological and pathophysiological circumstances. In this review current knowledge of the relevance of 4-HNE as “the second messenger of reactive oxygen species” (ROS) in redox signaling of representative major stress-associated diseases is briefly summarized. The findings presented allow for 4-HNE to be considered not only as second messenger of ROS, but also as one of fundamental factors of the stress- and age-associated diseases. While standard, even modern concepts of molecular medicine and respective therapies in majority of these diseases target mostly the disease-specific symptoms. 4-HNE, especially its protein adducts, might appear to be the bioactive markers that would allow better monitoring of specific pathophysiological processes reflecting their complexity. Eventually that could help development of advanced integrative medicine approach for patients and the diseases they suffer from on the personalized basis implementing biomedical remedies that would optimize beneficial effects of ROS and 4-HNE to prevent the onset and progression of the illness, perhaps even providing the real cure.

Polyunsaturated fatty acids are susceptible to peroxidation and they yield various degradation products, including the main α,β-unsaturated hydroxyalkenal, 4-hydroxy-2,3-trans-nonenal (HNE) in oxidative stress. Due to its high reactivity, HNE interacts with various macromolecules of the cell, and this general toxicity clearly contributes to a wide variety of pathological conditions. In addition, growing evidence suggests a more specific function of HNE in electrophilic signaling as a second messenger of oxidative/electrophilic stress. It can induce antioxidant defense mechanisms to restrain its own production and to enhance the cellular protection against oxidative stress. Moreover, HNE-mediated signaling can largely influence the fate of the cell through modulating major cellular processes, such as autophagy, proliferation and apoptosis. This review focuses on the molecular mechanisms underlying the signaling and regulatory functions of HNE. The role of HNE in the pathophysiology of cancer, cardiovascular and neurodegenerative diseases is also discussed.

The interest in ozone as an alternative to chlorine and other chemical disinfectants in cleaning and disinfection operations is based on its high biocidal efficacy, wide antimicrobial spectrum, absence of by-products that are detrimental to health, and the ability to generate it on demand, in situ, without needing to store it for later use. Ozone also has the significant advantage of environmentally friendly technology that reduces the company's environmental costs and facilitates their compliance with statutory obligations. The oxidizing action of ozone for food application can be affected by some environmental factors, such as pH of medium, temperature, relative humidity, and organic compounds in the medium. Ozone has been reported to inactivate E. coli in orange juice and apple juice. Ozonation of oil has also gained attention recently. Ozonated vegetable oils have antibacterial and fungicidal effects, attributed with potential applications in food, pharmaceutical, and cosmetic industries. There are different parameters that affect the disinfection ability of ozone in liquid processing treatment. Extrinsic and intrinsic parameters that affect the ozone efficacy include flow rate, ozone concentration, temperature, pH, and presence of solid contents (organic matter). Studying the mechanism of the reaction of ozone with organic materials can contribute to establishing the impact of specific radical species on target microorganisms. Further research is required to ascertain the interaction of food constituents with ozone and the role of resulting compounds in the inactivation process. Optimization of process parameters may also follow more specific process-related studies on mechanisms of action.

The interest in ozone as an alternative to chlorine and other chemical disinfectants in cleaning and disinfection operations is based on its high biocidal efficacy, wide antimicrobial spectrum, absence of by-products that are detrimental to health, and the ability to generate it on demand, in situ, without needing to store it for later use. Ozone also has the significant advantage of environmentally friendly technology that reduces the company's environmental costs and facilitates their compliance with statutory obligations. The oxidizing action of ozone for food application can be affected by some environmental factors, such as pH of medium, temperature, relative humidity, and organic compounds in the medium. Ozone has been reported to inactivate E. coli in orange juice and apple juice. Ozonation of oil has also gained attention recently. Ozonated vegetable oils have antibacterial and fungicidal effects, attributed with potential applications in food, pharmaceutical, and cosmetic industries. There are different parameters that affect the disinfection ability of ozone in liquid processing treatment. Extrinsic and intrinsic parameters that affect the ozone efficacy include flow rate, ozone concentration, temperature, pH, and presence of solid contents (organic matter). Studying the mechanism of the reaction of ozone with organic materials can contribute to establishing the impact of specific radical species on target microorganisms. Further research is required to ascertain the interaction of food constituents with ozone and the role of resulting compounds in the inactivation process. Optimization of process parameters may also follow more specific process-related studies on mechanisms of action.