Botulinum toxin as a therapeutic agent

doi:10.1016/S0163-7258(96)00091-5

Pharmacology & Therapeutics

Volume 72, Issue 1, 1996, Pages 13-24

https://doi.org/10.1016/S0163-7258(96)00091-5 Get rights and content

Abstract

Botulinum toxin is a presynaptic neuromuscular blocking agent that, when injected intramuscularly in minute quantities, can produce selective muscle weakness. This property is employed therapeutically to provide symptomatic relief in conditions related to excessive muscle activities in strabismus, blepharospasm, hemifacial spasm, cervical dystonia, spasmodic dysphonia (adductor type), and jaw closing dystonia. It is investigational for a long list of medical conditions. It is a marketed drug in a number of countries in the world, but its use has only been approved by different regulatory agencies for use in a limited number of conditions. The long-term effects, appropriate dose for children, and in pregnancy, and maximum dose without causing toxicity remain unclear.

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Botulinum toxin as a therapeutic agent

Abstract

Ophthalmology

Ophthalmology

J. Urol.

Am. J. Ophthalmol.

Lancet

Am. J. Ophthalmol.

Neuropharmacology

Ophthalmology

Neuron

Lancet

Lancet

J. Biol. Chem.

J. Biol. Chem.

Lancet

Observations and analysis of results in 131 cases of spasmodic torticollis after selective denervation

Appl. Neurophysiol.

Blockade of tetanus and botulinum A toxin of postganglionic cholinergic nerve endings in the myenteric plexus

Naunyn Schmeidebergs Arch. Pharmacol.

Interaction of 1251-labeled botulinum neurotoxins with nerve terminals. I. Ultrastructural autoradiographic localization and quantification of distinct membrane acceptors for type A and B on motor nerves

J. Cell Biol.

Interaction of 1251-labeled botulinum neurotoxins with nerve terminals. II. Autoradiographic evidence for its uptake into motor nerves by acceptormediated endocytosis

J. Cell Biol.

Botulinum neurotoxin-C1 blocks neurotransmitter release by means of cleaving HPC-1/syntaxin

EMBO J.

Botulinum toxin injection for the treatment of oromandibular dystonia

Ann. Otol. Rhinol. Laryngol.

Abductor laryngeal dystonia: a series treated with botulinum toxin

Laryngoscope

Botulinum A toxin for the treatment of spasmodic torticollis: dysphagia and regional toxin spread

Head Neck

Phenol nerve block in the treatment of acquired spastic hemiplegia in the upper limb

J. Bone Joint Surg.

Localized injections of botulinum toxin for the treatment of focal dystonia and hemifacial spasm

Adv. Neurol

Adductor laryngeal dystonia (spastic dysphonia): treatment with local injections of botulinum toxin (Botox)

Mov. Disord.

The use of botulinum toxin to treat glabellar frown lines and other facial wrinkles

Cosmet. Dermatol.

Ophthalmologic use of botulinum A exotoxin

Can. J. Ophthalmol.

Treatment of glabellar frown lines with C. botulinum-A exotoxin

J. Dermatol. Surg. Oncol.

Botulinum toxin in the treatment of eye disorders

B. C. Med. J.

Botulinum toxin for benign essential blepharospasm, hemifacial spasm and agerelated lower eyelid entropion

Can. J. Neurol. Sci.

The site and mechanism of action of botulinum neurotoxin

Treatment of focal dystonias of the hand with botulinum toxin injections

J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry

Botulinum toxin injection for spasmodic torticollis: increased magnitude of benefit with electromyographic assistance

Neurology

Structures of botulinum neurotoxin, its functional domains, and perspectives on the crystalline type A toxin

Earclick in palatal tremor: its origin and treatment with botulinum toxin

Neurology

Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for detection of Clostridium botulinum type A and type B toxins in stool samples of infants with botulism

Clin. Microbiol.

Electromyographic guidance of botulinum toxin treatment in cervical dystonia

Clin. Neuropharmacol.

Changes in motor innervation and cholinesterase localization induced by botulinum toxin in skeletal muscle of mouse: differences between fast and slow muscles

J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry

Treatment of detrusorsphincter dyssynergia with botulinum A toxin: a double blind study

Arch. Phys. Med. Rehabil.

Medical treatment of dystonia

Indirect laryngoscopic approach for injection of botulinum toxin in spasmodic dysphonia

Otolaryngol. Head Neck Surg.

Botulinum toxin for relief of spasmodic dysphonia

Arch. Otolaryngol. Head Neck Surg.

Crystalline preparation of botulinum type A (Botox®): degradation impotency with storage

Otolaryngol. Head Neck Surg.

Enlargement of the inferior olivary nucleus in association with lesions of the central tegmental tract or dentate nucleus

Brain

Controlled trial of botulinum toxin injections in the treatment of spasmodic torticollis

Neurology

Antitoxin levels in botulism patients treated with trivalent equine botulism antitoxin types A, B, and E

J. Infect. Dis.

Treatment of oromandibular dystonia with botulinum toxin

Laryngoscope

Channels formed by botulinum, tetanus, and diphtheria toxins in planar lipid bilayers: relevance to translocation of proteins across membranes