Serum and urinary nitrate levels in liver cirrhosis: endotoxemia, renal function and hyperdynamic circulation
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Cirrhosis-associated immune dysfunction: Distinctive features and clinical relevance
2014, Journal of HepatologyCitation Excerpt :Pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) from enteric bacterial organisms and/or damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs), originating from the host tissue upon injury, recognize PRRs, expressed on innate immune cells. Notably, not only live bacteria, but also the episodic, persistent inflow of PAMPs (including LPS, lipopeptides, glycopolymers, flagellin and bacterial DNA) into the hepato-splanchnic circulation contributes to the systemic inflammatory response [84,88–91] (Fig. 3). Immune recognition of bacteria and PAMPs in cirrhosis takes place both locally in the GALT and MLN and in the peripheral blood [50,52,92].
Is there a link between hyperbilirubinemia and elevated urine nitrite
2007, American Journal of Emergency MedicineCitation Excerpt :Nitric oxide's role in inflammatory processes is well documented [9,10], and previously published studies [9-27] indicate that it is reasonable to expect elevated serum and urine nitrites in patients with various systemic diseases. Elevated levels of nitrite or nitrate in the blood have been reported for Helicobacter pylori infection [11,12], sepsis [13,14], gastrointestinal infection [15], and for various types of liver disease [16], including hepatitis [17], cirrhosis [18-23], and hepatocellular carcinoma [24-26]. Additional studies have documented elevated nitrite levels in urine for disease states, such as acute pancreatitis [27], multiple sclerosis [28], and inflammatory bowel disease [29].
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