Valvular heart disease
Analysis of 150 Patients With Carcinoid Syndrome Seen in a Single Year at One Institution in the First Decade of the Twenty-First Century

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Carcinoid heart disease (CHD), reported in 50% to 70% of patients with carcinoid syndrome, is thought to be related to the production of 5-hydroxytryptamine by the tumor. The development of new therapeutic modalities designed to reduce tumor hormone production may have altered the development of CHD. Currently, echocardiography is performed when clinical suspicion of CHD exists. The aim of this study was to establish the prevalence of CHD in the setting of modern treatment regimens and delineate whether a screening program for CHD is needed. One hundred fifty patients with carcinoid syndrome were screened for CHD by transthoracic echocardiography. The functional status of patients was classified according to New York Heart Association class. Thirty patients (20%) were found to have CHD. Of those with CHD, 14 (47%) had left- and right-sided valvular lesions. Patent foramen ovale was present in all patients with left-sided CHD. Forty-three percent of patients were in New York Heart Association class I, 40% in class II, 13% in class III and 3% in class IV. Eight patients (27%) with moderate or severe valvular lesions were in class I. Thirty-seven percent of patients with CHD had no physical signs. In conclusion, the presence of symptoms or abnormalities on clinical examination has a low sensitivity for the presence of CHD. Therefore, screening with echocardiography, even in patients who are asymptomatic, should be advocated.

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Methods and Results

One hundred fifty consecutive patients with histologically confirmed carcinoid tumors of midgut origin who had carcinoid syndrome were prospectively enrolled over a 12-month period from April 2006 to April 2007. The Neuroendocrine Tumour Unit at the Royal Free Hospital in London is a large, tertiary referral center for the management of neuroendocrine tumors. The unit has >800 patients with neuroendocrine tumors under active follow-up, including >150 patients with carcinoid tumors of midgut

Discussion

The prevalence of CHD has decreased from that reported in previous decades (50% to 70%) to about 20% of all patients with carcinoid syndrome.1, 2 The reduction in the prevalence of CHD is most likely due to the introduction of modern antitumor therapies that may cause significant reductions in the production of tumor metabolites and may also control tumor growth. Most notable of these therapies are somatostatin analogues. These analogues control symptoms of carcinoid syndrome and also result in

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