Clinical-liver, pancreas, and biliary tractCoffee and caffeine consumption reduce the risk of elevated serum alanine aminotransferase activity in the United States
Section snippets
Patients and methods
The Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES III) was conducted in the United States from 1988 to 1994 by the National Center for Health Statistics of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.27 It consisted of interview, examination, and laboratory data collected from a complex multistage, stratified, clustered probability sample of the civilian, noninstitutionalized population age 2 months and older, with oversampling of the elderly, non-Hispanic blacks, and
Results
Coffee consumption ranged from 0 to 20 cups per day. The median intake among persons drinking 0, <1, 1–2, and >2 cups/day was 0, .30, 1.0, and 3.0 cups/day, respectively. Consumption of caffeine from beverages ranged from 0 to 2954 mg/day. The median intake by quintile was 20, 104, 174, 278, and 570 mg/day, respectively. Fifty-one percent of caffeine intake was from coffee. Among this population at high risk for liver injury, elevated ALT activity was found in 8.7% and ALT activity of at least
Discussion
In this large, national, population-based study, among persons at high risk for liver injury, consumption of coffee and caffeine was associated with lower risk of abnormal ALT activity. Persons drinking more than 2 cups of coffee per day had approximately one half the risk of noncoffee drinkers, while participants with a caffeine intake in the highest quintile were only one third as likely to have elevated ALT activity as those in the lowest quintile. This result strengthens and extends to the
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