Basic–alimentary tractInterleukin-22, a Member of the IL-10 Subfamily, Induces Inflammatory Responses in Colonic Subepithelial Myofibroblasts
Section snippets
Reagents
Recombinant human IL-19, IL-20, and IL-22 were obtained from PeproTech (Rocky Hill, NJ), and IL-24 was purchased from R&D Systems (Minneapolis, MN). All other reagents were purchased from Sigma Chemical Co. (St Louis, MO). Inhibitors of p42/44 MAP kinases (PD98059 and U0216), an inhibitor for p38 MAPK (SB203580), and a JAK2 inhibitor (AG490) were purchased from Cell Signaling Technology (Beverly, MA).
Antibodies
The following primary antibodies were used in this study: goat anti-human IL-22 antibodies
IL-22 Expression in IBD Mucosa
To evaluate the expression of IL-22 protein in mucosa, samples were stained with anti-IL-22 antibodies. As shown in Figure 1A-a, there were no IL-22 positive cells in normal colonic mucosa samples. In contrast, IL-22-expressing cells increased in inflamed regions of active UC and CD patients (Figure 1A-b and A-c). In active UC patients, IL-22-positive cells were located mainly within the lamina propria, but, in active CD patients, these cells were scattered throughout the submucosa.
To confirm
Discussion
IL-22 is a newly identified cytokine, which belongs to the IL-10 subfamily.5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14 IL-22 is an α-helical protein, whose amino acid sequence is approximately 22% identical to IL-10.5 IL-10 is regarded as an anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive cytokine on the basis of its inhibitory effects on the production of IL-1, TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-8 by monocytes,5 and this is considered to be the molecular basis for spontaneous colitis developed in IL-10 knockout mice.41 On the
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