Basic—Alimentary TractAssociation Between Composition of the Human Gastrointestinal Microbiome and Development of Fatty Liver With Choline Deficiency
Section snippets
Study Subjects
Healthy female subjects (n = 15), a subset of those enrolled in a National Institutes of Health–funded study (DK055865) investigating choline metabolism, were recruited to participate in a gut metagenomic study and provided informed consent (approved by the institutional review boards at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill and at the University of North Carolina at Charlotte). Inclusion was contingent on a good state of health, a body mass index of 18 to 34 kg/m2, and no history of
Experimental Design
Healthy adult female subjects (n = 15; Supplementary Table 1) were brought into the hospital and fed a prescribed experimental diet that included 3 dietary phases: (1) a standard research diet providing the current recommended level of choline, (2) a diet with very low choline, and (3) a diet that included significant levels of choline to restore subjects' choline levels (Figure 1). Stool samples were obtained at time points reflecting dietary changes (Figure 1), and the gut microbiome was
Discussion
Our study shows the importance of longitudinal experimental design and rigorous dietary control to identify changes in the gut microbiome that have potentially significant ramifications for human nutrition and health. We have verified previous findings8, 48 that gut microbial communities are distinctly individual and have shown that there is little generalized convergence between subjects on a common diet over a 2-month period (Figure 2). Although gut microbiota remained characteristically
Acknowledgments
The original data file containing all pyrosequences has been submitted to the Short Read Archive at the National Center for Biotechnology Information under accession no. SRA012606.2 (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Traces/sra_sub/sub.cgi?&m=submissions&s=defaults).
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Conflicts of interest The authors disclose no conflicts.