Long-term results of transplantation for primary and metastatic hepatic malignancies were evaluated retrospectively in 637 patients. Recurrence rates and 2-year and 5-year patient survival rates were calculated. The overall recurrence rate was 40%, with 81% of deaths from recurrence occurring within 2 years after transplantation. Best results were obtained with uncommon tumors: incidental hepatomas (13% recurrence; 57% 2-year and 5-year follow-up); epithelioid hemangioendotheliomas (33% recurrence; 82% and 43% 2-year and 5-year survival); hepatoblastomas (33% recurrence; 50% 2-year and 5-year survival); and fibrolamellar hepatomas (39% recurrence; 60% and 55% 2-year and 5-year survival). Hemangiosarcomas had 64% recurrence, and all patients died within 27.5 months. Tumors metastatic to the liver had 59% recurrence, with 38% and 21% 2-year and 5-year survival rates. Transplantation should be abandoned for hemangiosarcomas and most metastatic tumors, except possibly for some slowly growing neuroendocrine tumors. The usual hepatomas had 39% recurrence with 2-year and 5-year survival rates of 30% and 18%, respectively. Cholangiocarcinomas had 44% recurrences with 2-year and 5-year survival rates of 30% and 17%, respectively. Transplantation for hepatomas and cholangiocarcinomas should be reserved for patients with favorable risk factors or when combined with well-defined chemotherapy protocols before and after operation.