Interferon-α (IFNα) and IFNβ, collectively known as type I IFNs, are the major effector
cytokines of the host immune response against viral infections. However, the production of …

Despite the popularity of using plasmid DNA for vaccination, it is only recently that the basic
mechanisms that drive the immune response to the encoded antigen have begun to unfold …

Vaccination with naked DNA elicits cellular and humoral immune responses that have a T
helper cell type 1 bias. However, plasmid vectors expressing large amounts of gene product …

Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are activated by pathogen-associated molecular patterns to
induce innate immune responses and production of pro-inflammatory cytokines, interferons …

An adjuvant role for certain short bacterial immunostimulatory DNA sequences (ISSs) has
recently been proposed on the basis of their ability to stimulate T helper-1 (Thl) responses in …

Background & Aims: We tested whether the attenuation of experimental colitis by live
probiotic bacteria is due to their immunostimulatory DNA, whether toll-like receptor (TLR) …

Certain C8-substituted and N7, C8-disubstituted guanine ribonucleosides comprise a class
of small molecules with immunostimulatory activity. In a variety of animal models, these …

The mechanisms by which commensal bacteria suppress inflammatory signalling in the gut
are still unclear. Here, we present a cellular mechanism whereby the polarity of intestinal …

Inflammation promotes regeneration of injured tissues through poorly understood
mechanisms, some of which involve interleukin (IL)-6 family members, the expression of …

Recognition of microbial components by APCs and their activation through Toll-like
receptors (TLR) leads to the induction of adaptive immune responses. In this study, we show …