Footnotes

• Contributors All authors contributed to the manuscript concept and design. JT and JB drafted the manuscript. All authors critically revised the manuscript and approved the final version of the manuscript.

• Disclaimer The views expressed in this article do not necessarily reflect the official policy or position of the Department of the Navy, Department of Defense, nor the US Government. This is a partial US Government work. There are no restrictions on its use.

• Competing interests JT has served as a consultant for Takeda. JB and MSR have no COI to declare. MD has served as a consultant for Abbvie, Janssen, Celgene, Takeda, Ucb, Prometheus, and Genentech. JFC has served as a consultant or advisory board member for AbbVie, Amgen, Boehringer-Ingelheim, Celgene Corporation, Celltrion, Enterome, Ferring, Genentech, Janssen and Janssen, Medimmune, Merck & Co., Pfizer, Protagonist, Second Genome, Seres, Takeda, Theradiag, received research support from Abbvie, Janssen and Janssen, Genentech, Takeda, and has stock options for Intestinal Biotech Development and Genfit.

• Provenance and peer review Not commissioned; externally peer reviewed.