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Proton pump inhibitors increase the risk of cholecystitis: a population-based case–control study
  1. Shih-Chieh Chuang1,2,
  2. Che-Chen Lin3,4,
  3. Cheng-Yuan Peng1,2,
  4. Wen-Hsin Huang1,2,
  5. Wen-Pang Su1,2,
  6. Shih-Wei Lai1,5,
  7. Hsueh-Chou Lai2,6
  1. 1 School of Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
  2. 2 Division of Hepatogastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
  3. 3 Management Office for Health Data, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
  4. 4 Department of Health Risk Management, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
  5. 5 Department of Family Medicine, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
  6. 6 School of Chinese Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
  1. Correspondence to Dr Hsueh-Chou Lai, Hepatobiliary section, Division of Hepatogastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, China Medical University Hospital, China Medical University/Hospital, Taichung City 40447, Taiwan; t674233{at}ms54.hinet.net

https://doi.org/10.1136/gutjnl-2018-316899

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    We read with great interest the article by Cheung et al 1 reporting long-term exposure to proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) following Helicobacter pylori (HP) eradication associated with increased risk of gastric cancer. PPIs are widely used worldwide to treat gastro-oesophageal reflux disorder, peptic ulcer and HP, but multiple reports have found they got some negative effects, such as increasing risk of the intra-abdominal infection, like spontaneous bacterial peritonitis,2 pseudomembranous colitis,3 liver abscess4 and affecting the gut microbiome.5 6 PPIs may theoretically increase risk of gaining acute cholecystitis due to the increasing the number of enteric organisms and risk of secondary infection; however, few reports have supported this hypothesis. Thus, we conducted a nationwide population-based case–control study to analyse the relationship between PPI exposure and …

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