Footnotes

• Contributors Study concept and design: C-HL and MS. Acquisition of the data: KW, SO, ELG, ATC and MS. Statistical analysis: C-HL. Interpretation of the data: all authors. Drafting of the manuscript: C-HL and MS. Critical revision of the manuscript for important intellectual content: all authors.

• Funding This work was supported by the US National Institutes of Health (UM1 CA186107, P01 CA87969, U01 CA167552; K07CA218377, R21AA027608 to YC; R03 CA197879, R21 CA222940 to KW; P01 CA55075, R01 CA151993, R35 CA197735 to SO; R21 CA230873 to KW and SO; K24 DK098311, R01 CA137178, R01 CA202704 to ATC; R00 CA215314 to MS); the Siteman Investment Program (to YC); the American Institute for Cancer Research (to KW); the American Cancer Society (MRSG-17-220-01 - NEC to MS); the Project P Fund for Colorectal Cancer Research; the Bennett Family Foundation; and the Entertainment Industry Foundation through National Colorectal Cancer Research Alliance. The funders had no role in the design and conduct of the study. The content is solely the responsibility of the authors and does not necessarily represent the official views of the funders.

• Competing interests ATC previously served as a consultant for Bayer Healthcare and Pfizer for work unrelated to the topic of this manuscript. All remaining authors have declared no conflicts of interest.

• Patient and public involvement Patients and/or the public were not involved in the design, or conduct, or reporting, or dissemination plans of this research.

• Patient consent for publication Not required.

• Provenance and peer review Not commissioned; internally peer reviewed.