Footnotes

• Correction notice This article has been corrected since it published Online First. An acknowledgement has been added to table 3.

• Contributors MC: conceptualisation, writing and revising the manuscript. AV: coauthorship of main body of manuscript, including metabolic and nutritional perspectives.

• Funding MC receives funding for studies on intestinal permeability from National Institutes of Health (grant #R01-DK115950) and from the Institute for the Advancement of Food and Nutrition Sciences (IAFNS) (through an ILSI North America Carbohydrate Committee grant). IAFNS is a non-profit science organisation that pools funding from industry and advances science through the in-kind and financial contributions from private and public sector members.

• Competing interests MC has submitted a patent application on “Methods and materials for assessing intestinal permeability; Publication number: 20190145953” with colleagues at Mayo Clinic. AV has no conflicts of interest.

• Patient and public involvement Patients and/or the public were not involved in the design, or conduct, or reporting, or dissemination plans of this research.

• Provenance and peer review Not commissioned; externally peer reviewed.