Footnotes

• Contributors Drafting of the manuscript was done by Y-CH. Data curation was performed by C-HT. Editing and revision of the manuscript were done by all the authors. All authors confirmed the manuscript and accepted the responsibility for publication.

• Funding The authors have not declared a specific grant for this research from any funding agency in the public, commercial or not-for-profit sectors.

• Competing interests Y-CH has received research support from Gilead Sciences, has received lecture fees from Abbvie, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Gilead Sciences and Novartis, and has served as an advisory committee member for Gilead Sciences. C-HT has received lecture fees from Abbvie, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Gilead Sciences, Bayer and Roche. T-HS reports nothing to declare. J-HK reports nothing to declare. MHN has received research support from Pfizer, Gilead Sciences, Enanta, Vir Biotech, Glycotests, B. K. Kee Foundation, Helio Health and the National Cancer Institute and has served as an advisory board member or consultant for Gilead, Intercept, Novartis, Eisai, Bayer, Exact Science, Laboratory of Advanced Medicine, Spring Bank and Janssen.

• Patient and public involvement Patients and/or the public were not involved in the design, or conduct, or reporting or dissemination plans of this research.

• Provenance and peer review Not commissioned; internally peer reviewed.