Footnotes

• Contributors MV contributed to data acquisition, statistical analysis and results interpretation. BV contributed to statistical analysis, results interpretation and drafting of the manuscript. SV and BV contributed to study design, patient recruitment and assessment, results interpretation and critical revision of the manuscript. All authors agreed with the final version of the manuscript prior to submission.

• Funding BV is supported by the Clinical Research Fund (KOOR) at the University Hospitals Leuven and the Research Council at the KU Leuven. SV holds a BOF-Fundamental Clinical Research Mandate from the KU Leuven.

• Competing interests SV has received grants from AbbVie, J&J, Pfizer, Galapagos and Takeda; consulting and/or speaking fees from AbbVie, Abivax, AbolerIS Pharma, AgomAb, Alimentiv, Arena Pharmaceuticals, AstraZeneca, Avaxia, BMS, Boehringer Ingelheim, Celgene, CVasThera, Dr Falk Pharma, Ferring, Galapagos, Genentech-Roche, Gilead, GSK, Hospira, Imidomics, Janssen, J&J, Lilly, Materia Prima, MiroBio, Morphic, MrMHealth, Mundipharma, MSD, Pfizer, Prodigest, Progenity, Prometheus, Robarts Clinical Trials, Second Genome, Shire, Surrozen, Takeda, Theravance, Tillots Pharma AG and Zealand Pharma. BV has received research support from AbbVie, Biora Therapeutics, Landos, Pfizer, Sossei Heptares and Takeda; Speaker’s fees from Abbvie, Biogen, Bristol Myers Squibb, Celltrion, Chiesi, Eli Lily, Falk, Ferring, Galapagos, Janssen, MSD, Pfizer, R-Biopharm, Takeda, Truvion and Viatris; Consultancy fees from Abbvie, Alimentiv, Applied Strategic, Atheneum, Biora Therapeutics, Bristol Myers Squibb, Eli Lily, Galapagos, Guidepont, Landos, Mylan, Inotrem, Ipsos, Janssen, Progenity, Sandoz, Sosei Heptares, Takeda, Tillots Pharma and Viatris. MV does not report any COI.

• Provenance and peer review Not commissioned; externally peer reviewed.

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