Footnotes

• Contributors All authors contributed equally to writing, reviewing and accepting the final version.

• Funding The authors have not declared a specific grant for this research from any funding agency in the public, commercial or not-for-profit sectors.

• Competing interests AK is cofounder of AJM Medicaps and codirector of iCERV. He has received honoraria from Dr Falk Pharma UK, Jinshan, and travel support from Jinshan, Dr Falk and Aquilant. He has been on advisory board meetings for Dr Falk Pharma UK, Tillots Pharma AG, Ankon. HW is the chief innovation officer for CorpHealth International. GK and AR have no disclosures.

• Patient and public involvement Patients and/or the public were not involved in the design, or conduct, or reporting, or dissemination plans of this research.

• Provenance and peer review Not commissioned; internally peer reviewed.