Footnotes

• RDP and TTP are joint senior authors.

• X @ttpizarro, @PizarroLab

• Contributors Study conception and design: CC, RDP and TTP. Acquisition of data: CC and JAP. Analysis and interpretation: CC, EM, JAP, DP and RDP. Drafting of manuscript: CC, RDP and TTP. Critical revision: EM, JAP, DP, RDP and TTP. Study supervision: EM, RDP and TTP.

• Funding This work was supported by grants from the National Institutes of Health (NIH), Office on Women’s Health (ORWH)/ National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK): Administrative supplement for Research on Sex/Gender Differences (DK042191-S1) and from the Crohn’s & Colitis Foundation: Clinical Research Investigator-Initiated Award (CRIA) Senior Research Award (SRA-882725), both to TTP and RDP. CC was supported by CWRU’s Medical Student Summer Research Program (MSSRP) through an institutional training grant, T35 DK111373, from the NIH / NIDDK.

• Competing interests None declared.

• Provenance and peer review Not commissioned; externally peer reviewed.

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