PT - JOURNAL ARTICLE AU - Yue Zhao AU - Timothy Wai Ho Shuen AU - Tan Boon Toh AU - Xue Ying Chan AU - Min Liu AU - Sue Yee Tan AU - Yong Fan AU - Hechuan Yang AU - Shridhar Ganpathi Lyer AU - Glenn Kunnath Bonney AU - Eva Loh AU - Kenneth Tou En Chang AU - Thiam Chye Tan AU - Weiwei Zhai AU - Jerry Kok Yen Chan AU - Edward Kai-Hua Chow AU - Cheng Ean Chee AU - Guan Huei Lee AU - Yock Young Dan AU - Pierce Kah-Hoe Chow AU - Han Chong Toh AU - Seng Gee Lim AU - Qingfeng Chen TI - Development of a new patient-derived xenograft humanised mouse model to study human-specific tumour microenvironment and immunotherapy AID - 10.1136/gutjnl-2017-315201 DP - 2018 Oct 01 TA - Gut PG - 1845--1854 VI - 67 IP - 10 4099 - http://gut.bmj.com/content/67/10/1845.short 4100 - http://gut.bmj.com/content/67/10/1845.full SO - Gut2018 Oct 01; 67 AB - Objective As the current therapeutic strategies for human hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) have been proven to have limited effectiveness, immunotherapy becomes a compelling way to tackle the disease. We aim to provide humanised mouse (humice) models for the understanding of the interaction between human cancer and immune system, particularly for human-specific drug testing.Design Patient-derived xenograft tumours are established with type I human leucocyte antigen matched human immune system in NOD-scid Il2rg−/− (NSG) mice. The longitudinal changes of the tumour and immune responses as well as the efficacy of immune checkpoint inhibitors are investigated.Results Similar to the clinical outcomes, the human immune system in our model is educated by the tumour and exhibits exhaustion phenotypes such as a significant declination of leucocyte numbers, upregulation of exhaustion markers and decreased the production of human proinflammatory cytokines. Notably, cytotoxic immune cells decreased more rapidly compared with other cell types. Tumour infiltrated T cells have much higher expression of exhaustion markers and lower cytokine production compared with peripheral T cells. In addition, tumour-associated macrophages and myeloid-derived suppressor cells are found to be highly enriched in the tumour microenvironment. Interestingly, the tumour also changes gene expression profiles in response to immune responses by upregulating immune checkpoint ligands. Most importantly, in contrast to the NSG model, our model demonstrates both therapeutic and side effects of immune checkpoint inhibitors pembrolizumab and ipilimumab.Conclusions Our work provides a model for immune-oncology study and a useful parallel-to-human platform for anti-HCC drug testing, especially immunotherapy.