RT Journal Article SR Electronic T1 Enterocolitis due to immune checkpoint inhibitors: a systematic review JF Gut JO Gut FD BMJ Publishing Group Ltd and British Society of Gastroenterology SP 2056 OP 2067 DO 10.1136/gutjnl-2018-316948 VO 67 IS 11 A1 Emilie Soularue A1 Patricia Lepage A1 Jean Frederic Colombel A1 Clelia Coutzac A1 David Faleck A1 Lysiane Marthey A1 Michael Collins A1 Nathalie Chaput A1 Caroline Robert A1 Franck Carbonnel YR 2018 UL http://gut.bmj.com/content/67/11/2056.abstract AB Immune checkpoint inhibitors targeting cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated protein-4 (CTLA-4) and programmed death-1 (PD-1)/ligand are increasingly used to treat several types of cancer. These drugs enhance antitumour T-cell activity and therefore induce immune-related adverse effects (irAE), of which gastrointestinal (GI) irAE are among the most frequent and severe. This systematic literature review summarises the clinical manifestations, management and pathophysiology of GI irAE due to immune checkpoint inhibitors. GI irAE induced by anti-CTLA-4 are frequent, potentially severe and resemble IBD, whereas those induced by PD-1 blockade seem to be less frequent and clinically more diverse. Baseline symbiotic gut microbiota is associated with an enhanced antitumour response to immune checkpoint inhibitors and an increased susceptibility to developing enterocolitis, in patients treated with anti-CTLA-4. These findings open new perspectives for possible manipulation of the gut microbiota in order to better identify responders to immune checkpoint inhibitors and to increase their efficacy and safety.