RT Journal Article SR Electronic T1 Regular use of proton pump inhibitors and risk of type 2 diabetes: results from three prospective cohort studies JF Gut JO Gut FD BMJ Publishing Group Ltd and British Society of Gastroenterology SP 1070 OP 1077 DO 10.1136/gutjnl-2020-322557 VO 70 IS 6 A1 Jinqiu Yuan A1 Qiangsheng He A1 Long H Nguyen A1 Martin C S Wong A1 Junjie Huang A1 Yuanyuan Yu A1 Bin Xia A1 Yan Tang A1 Yulong He A1 Changhua Zhang YR 2021 UL http://gut.bmj.com/content/70/6/1070.abstract AB Objective The association between the regular use of proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) and the risk of type 2 diabetes remains unclear, although a recent randomised controlled trial showed a trend towards increased risk. This study was undertaken to evaluate the regular use of PPIs and risk of type 2 diabetes.Method This is a prospective analysis of 204 689 participants free of diabetes in the Nurses' Health Study (NHS), NHS II and Health Professionals Follow-up Study (HPFS). Type 2 diabetes was confirmed using American Diabetes Association (ADA) diagnostic criteria. We evaluated hazard ratios (HRs) adjusting for demographic factors, lifestyle habits, the presence of comorbidities, use of other medications and clinical indications.Results We documented 10 105 incident cases of diabetes over 2 127 471 person-years of follow-up. Regular PPI users had a 24% higher risk of diabetes than non-users (HR 1.24, 95% CI 1.17 to 1.31). The risk of diabetes increased with duration of PPI use. Fully adjusted HRs were 1.05 (95% CI 0.93 to 1.19) for participants who used PPIs for >0–2 years and 1.26 (95% CI 1.18 to 1.35) for participants who used PPIs for >2 years compared with non-users.Conclusions Regular use of PPIs was associated with a higher risk of type 2 diabetes and the risk increased with longer duration of use. Physicians should therefore exercise caution when prescribing PPIs, particularly for long-term use.Data may be obtained from a third party (nhsaccess@channing.harvard.edu) and are not publicly available. Requests for access to data,questionnaires, and statistical code may be made by contacting the corresponding author at zhchangh@mail.sysu.edu.cn.