Risk factors for fractures stratified by diagnosis
| Risk factor | Crohn's disease | Ulcerative colitis |
| Family fracture history (yes/no)5-151 | 2.4 (1.4 to 4.1)5-150 | 1.9 (1.0 to 3.5) |
| Maternal fracture history (yes/no) | 1.4 (0.7 to 2.7) | 2.4 (1.2 to 4.7)5-150 |
| Paternal fracture history (yes/no) | 3.6 (1.9 to 6.8)5-150 | 1.2 (0.4 to 3.4) |
| Ever undergone bowel surgery (yes/no) | 0.7 (0.4 to 1.3) | 0.8 (0.4 to 1.8) |
| Ever used corticosteroids of any type (yes/no) | 1.6 (0.6 to 4.1) | 0.8 (0.3 to 2.1) |
| Ever used corticosteroid enemas only (yes/no) | 2.7 (0.6 to 13.1) | 0.5 (0.1 to 1.9) |
| Current use of calcium supplements (yes/no) | 1.5 (0.9 to 2.5) | 2.4 (1.1 to 5.0)5-150 |
| Current use of vitamin D supplements (yes/no) | 1.9 (1.1 to 3.4)5-150 | 1.8 (0.6 to 4.9) |
| Use of oral contraceptives (only females) | 1.3 (0.6 to 2.8) | 0.9 (0.3 to 2.4) |
| Use of HRT after menopause (only females) | 0.7 (0.2 to 1.9) | 0.7 (0.1 to 3.9) |
| Current smoking versus never smoking | 1.3 (0.6 to 2.8) | 3.8 (1.9 to 7.8)5-150 |
| Previous smoking versus never smoking | 1.4 (0.6 to 3.1) | 1.2 (0.5 to 2.6) |
| Current alcohol intake (⩾1 drink/week versus <1 drink/week) | 0.7 (0.4 to 1.2) | 0.6 (0.3 to 1.1) |
| Current use of systemic cytostatic agents5-152 (yes/no) | 1.4 (0.7 to 2.6) | 1.1 (0.4 to 2.9) |
| Current use of systemic 5-aminosalicylates5-153(yes/no) | 1.0 (0.6 to 1.6) | 1.2 (0.6 to 2.3) |
| Current use of B12 supplements (yes/no) | 0.5 (0.2 to 1.4) | 5-154 |
| Current use of folic acid supplements (yes/no) | 0.7 (0.1 to 4.6) | 5-154 |
| Current use of iron supplements (yes/no) | 0.4 (0.1 to 2.3) | 5-154 |
| Current use of cholestyramine (yes/no) | 1.0 (0.4 to 2.5) | 5-154 |
The risks are expressed as relative risk (95% confidence interval) adjusted for age and sex. All significant associations were present both in men and women unless otherwise stated. Insignificant associations were insignificant in both sexes.
↵5-150 p<0.05.
↵5-151 Reports of at least one previous fracture among either parents or siblings.
↵5-152 Current systemic therapy with azathioprine or cyclosporin versus no such therapy.
↵5-153 Current systemic therapy with mesalazine, olsalazine, or sulphasalazine versus no such therapy.
↵5-154 Too few for analysis.