Table 1

Summary of therapeutic options for portal hypertensive gastropathy (PHG) and gastric antral vascular ectasia (GAVE) syndrome

Therapy Clinical efficacy Reference
PHG
 PropanololProbable[27 48 49]
 Somatostatin and octreotideProbable[51 52]
 Surgical portocaval shuntsProbable[56 57]
 TIPSProbable[7 58]
 RebamidePossible[61]
 H2 blockers, PPI, and sucralfateNone[47]
 VasopressinUnclear[28 55]
 Oestrogen and progesteroneUnclear[30]
 Liver transplantationDefinite1-150 [3 60]
GAVE
 Antrectomy and gastrectomyDefinite1-151 [71 73 74 92 93]
 Laser coagulationProbable[72 81–84]
 H2 blockers, PPI, and sucralfateNone[79 88]
 Oestrogen and progesteroneProbable[69 85–88]
 Tranexamic acidPossible[80 90]
 OctreotidePossible[94]

  • ↵1-150 PHG reverses with liver transplantation.

  • ↵1-151 Antrectomy and gastrectomy for GAVE syndrome in the setting of cirrhosis and portal hypertension has been associated with a high mortality.

  • TIPS, transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt; PPI, proton pump inhibitors; H2 blockers, histamine receptor type 2 inhibitors.