Hypovolaemic shock: symptoms, signs, and fluid replacement
| Adapted from Grenvick A, Ayres SM, Holbrook PR, et al. Textbook of critical care, 4th edition. Philadelphia: WB Saunders Company, 40–5. | ||||
| Blood loss (ml) | <750 | 750–1500 | 1500–2000 | >2000 |
| Blood loss (%bv) | <15% | 15–30% | 30–40% | <40% |
| Pulse rate | <100 | >100 | >120 | >140 |
| Blood pressure | Normal | Normal | Decreased | Decreased |
| Pulse pressure | Normal or increased | Decreased | Decreased | Decreased |
| Respiratory rate | 14–20 | 20–30 | 30–40 | >35 |
| Urine output | >30 | 20–30 | 30–40 | >35 |
| Mental status | Slightly anxious | Mildly anxious | Anxious and confused | Confused and lethargic |
| Fluid replacement | Crystalloid | Crystalloid | Crystalloid and blood | Crystalloid blood |