Table 2

 Classification of oesophageal motility abnormalities. Adapted from Spechler and Castell32

Manometric findingsMotor disorders
LOS, lower oesophageal sphincter.
Inadequate LOS relaxationClassic achalasia
Atypical disorders of LOS relaxation
Uncoordinated contractionDiffuse oesophageal spasm
HypercontractionNutcracker oesophagus
Isolated hypertensive LOS
HypocontractionIneffective oesophageal motility