Primary resistance of Helicobacter pylori to clarithromycin, metronidazole, tetracycline, and amoxicillin in adults in different parts of the world
| Country | Years | Type of study | Method of testing | No of strains tested | ClariR global prevalence (%) | 95% CI | MetroR global prevalence (%) | 95% CI | TetraR global prevalence (%) | AmoxiR global prevalence (%) | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Data from studies including more than 100 strains published during the last five years. | |||||||||||
| *Includes 42 children. | |||||||||||
| †Transient resistance was observed in 19% of the strains. | |||||||||||
| ‡Clarithromycin susceptibility performed on 812 strains only. | |||||||||||
| DD, disk diffusion method; AD, agar dilution method; BD, broth dilution method; ND, not determined; 95% CI, 95% confidence interval; C, centre. | |||||||||||
| ClariR, clarithromycin resistant; MetroR, metronidazole resistant; TetraR, tetracycline resistant; AmoxiR, amoxicillin resistant. | |||||||||||
| Europe | |||||||||||
| Bulgaria | 96–98 | TriC | DD | 103* | 8.7 | 4.1–15.9 | ND | ND | ND | Boyanova10 | |
| Croatia | 2001 | MonoC | Etest | 196 | 8 | 4.7–12.9 | 33 | 26.6–4.02 | ND | 0 | Bago11 |
| France | 96–99 | MultiC | AD | 659 | 15 | 12.4–18.0 | 31.5 | 28.0–35.3 | ND | 0 | Mégraud12 |
| Germany | 95–00 | MonoC | Etest | 1644 | 2.2 | 1.5–3.0 | 26.2 | 24.1–28.4 | 0 | 0 | Wolle13 |
| Germany | 95–96 | MultiC | Etest | 188 | 4 | 1.9–8.2 | 32 | 25.3–39.1 | ND | ND | Dammann14 |
| Italy (Central) | 98–02 | MonoC | AD | 406 | 23.4 | 19.4–27.8 | 36.7 | 32.0–41.6 | ND | 0.2 | Toracchio15 |
| Italy (North) | 99 | MultiC | Etest | 167 | 1.8 | 0.4–5.2 | 14.9 | 9.9–21.3 | ND | 0 | Pilotto16 |
| Netherlands | 97–98 | MultiC | Etest | 231 | 1.7 | 0–3.4 | 21.2 | 16.1–27.1 | 0 | 0 | Debets-Ossenkopp17 |
| Portugal | 90–99 | TriC | Etest | 132 | 22 | 15.2–30.0 | 34.1 | 26.1–42.8 | 0 | 0 | Cabrita18 |
| Spain | 95–98 | MonoC | Etest | 235 | 12.9 | 8.7–17.7 | 23.5 | 18.1–29.3 | 0.7 | 0 | Cuchi Burgos19 |
| Sweden | 97–98 | MultiC | AD | 203 | 2.9 | 1.1–6.3 | 26.1 | 20.2–32.6 | ND | 0 | Mégraud20 |
| UK | 94–99 | MonoC | DD | 1064 | 4.4‡ | 3.3–5.8 | 40.3 | 37.4–43.3 | 0.5 | 0 | Parsons21 |
| UK | 95–98 | MonoC | 843 | 3.9 | 2.7–5.5 | 36 | 32.7–39.3 | ND | 0.4 | Teare22 | |
| North America | |||||||||||
| Mexico | 95–97 | MonoC | Etest | 144 | 25 | 18.2–32.9 | 76.3 | 68.6–83.1 | ND | 0† | Torres23 |
| USA | 93–99 | MultiC | AD | 3439 | 10.6 | 9.6–11.7 | 21.6 | 20.2–23.0 | ND | 0.08 | Osato24 |
| USA | 98–99 | MultiC | AD | 422 | 12 | 9.1–15.6 | ND | ND | 0 | Laine25 | |
| USA | 00–01 | MultiC | AD | 106 | 12.2 | 6.7–20.0 | 33.9 | 25.0–43.8 | ND | ND | Laine26 |
| South America | |||||||||||
| Brazil | 96–00 | AD | 203 | 9.8 | 6.1–14.8 | 53 | 46.1–60.2 | ND | ND | Prazeres-Magalhaes27 | |
| Middle East | |||||||||||
| Iran | 02 | BiC | DD | 120 | 17 | 10.5–24.6 | ND | ND | ND | Mohammadi28 | |
| Israel | 00–01 | MonoC | Etest | 110 | 8.2 | 3.8–15.0 | 38.2 | 29.1–47.9 | 0 | 0.9 | Samra29 |
| Far East | |||||||||||
| Hong Kong | 97–01 | MonoC | DD | 991 | 4.5 | 3.3–6.0 | 29 | 26.3–32.0 | 0.5 | 0.3 | Ling30 |
| Japan | 95–00 | MonoC | AD | 593 | 11 | 8.6–13.8 | 9 | 6.8–11.5 | ND | 0.3 | Perez Aldana31 |
| Japan | 96–99 | BiC | AD | 388 | 12.9 | 9.7–16.6 | 12.4 | 9.3–16.1 | ND | 0 | Kato32 |
| Korea | 94–99 | BiC | AD | 456 | 5.9 | 3.9–8.5 | 40.6 | 36.0–45.2 | 5.3 | 0 | Kim33 |
| Korea | 96–00 | MonoC | BD | 224 | 5.4 | 2.8–9.2 | 41.9 | 35.4–48.7 | ND | ND | Eun34 |
| Singapore | 93–96 | MonoC | 459 | ND | 62.7 | 58.1–67.2 | ND | ND | Teo35 | ||
| Singapore | 02 | MonoC | AD | 120 | ND | 31.7 | 23.5–40.8 | ND | ND | Lui36 | |
| New Zealand | 93–98 | MonoC | DD | 225 | 6.8 | 3.8–10.8 | 32 | 26.0–38.5 | ND | ND | Fraser37 |