Risk of gastro-oesophageal reflux disease (GORD) symptoms with selected dietary items (measured by Block food frequency questionnaire 98)
Daily intake | OR | 95% CI | p Value |
---|---|---|---|
Results of logistic regression analyses for the outcome of having at least weekly heartburn or regurgitation among all participants (n = 371). | |||
Adjusted odds ratios were derived from logistic regression models. Odds ratios were scaled based on the interquartile range for each nutrient and thus show risk comparing the 75th centile of intake for each nutrient with the 25th centile. | |||
OR, odds ratio; CI, confidence interval; BMI, body mass index. | |||
Macronutrients | |||
Total carbohydrates (g/day) | |||
Unadjusted | 1.24 | 0.94–1.64 | 0.12 |
Adjusted | |||
BMI | 1.14 | 0.86–1.52 | 0.37 |
BMI, energy, demographics | 0.76 | 0.34–1.69 | 0.50 |
Total protein (g/day) | |||
Unadjusted | 1.19 | 0.91–1.57 | 0.20 |
Adjusted | |||
BMI | 1.12 | 0.85–1.48 | 0.43 |
BMI, energy, demographics | 0.87 | 0.48–1.57 | 0.65 |
Alcohol (% of calories) | |||
Unadjusted | 0.95 | 0.86–1.06 | 0.37 |
Adjusted | |||
BMI | 0.98 | 0.89–1.09 | 0.73 |
BMI, energy, demographics | 0.99 | 0.88–1.10 | 0.82 |
Total fat (g/day) | |||
Unadjusted | 1.33 | 1.01–1.74 | 0.04 |
Adjusted | |||
BMI | 1.20 | 0.91–1.58 | 0.20 |
BMI, energy, demographics | 1.09 | 0.89–1.37 | 0.41 |
Saturated fat (g/day) | |||
Unadjusted | 1.37 | 1.07–1.75 | 0.01 |
Adjusted | |||
BMI | 1.97 | 0.23–6.19 | 0.21 |
BMI, energy, demographics | 1.71 | 0.92–3.17 | 0.09 |
Cholesterol (mg/day) | |||
Unadjusted | 1.34 | 1.02–1.76 | 0.03 |
Adjusted | |||
BMI | 1.22 | 0.92–1.61 | 0.18 |
BMI, energy, demographics | 1.34 | 1.02–1.76 | 0.28 |
Total fibre (g/day) | |||
Unadjusted | 0.80 | 0.61–1.03 | 0.09 |
Adjusted | |||
BMI | 0.81 | 0.62–1.07 | 0.13 |
BMI, energy, demographics | 0.72 | 0.53–0.99 | 0.04 |
Micronutrients | |||
Beta-carotene (mcg/day) | |||
Unadjusted | 1.01 | 0.84–1.22 | 0.90 |
Adjusted | |||
BMI | 0.97 | 0.80–1.19 | 0.75 |
BMI, energy, demographics | 0.86 | 0.67–1.11 | 0.26 |
Vitamin C (mg/day) | |||
Unadjusted | 1.04 | 0.82–1.32 | 0.72 |
Adjusted | |||
BMI | 1.00 | 0.79–1.27 | 0.99 |
BMI, energy, demographics | 0.87 | 0.65–1.16 | 0.33 |
Vitamin E (IU) | |||
Unadjusted | 1.13 | 0.86–1.49 | 0.37 |
Adjusted | |||
BMI | 1.05 | 0.79–1.40 | 0.72 |
BMI, energy, demographics | 0.77 | 0.47–1.26 | 0.30 |
Folate (μg/day) | |||
Unadjusted | 1.12 | 0.87–1.45 | 0.39 |
Adjusted | |||
BMI | 1.07 | 0.82–1.40 | 0.60 |
BMI, energy, demographics | 0.84 | 0.54–1.30 | 0.44 |
Sodium (mg/day) | |||
Unadjusted | 1.20 | 0.92–1. 57 | 0.19 |
Adjusted | |||
BMI | 1.10 | 0.84–1.46 | 0.48 |
BMI, energy, demographics | 0.76 | 0.38–1.52 | 0.44 |
Calcium (mg/day) | |||
Unadjusted | 1.18 | 0.90–1. 54 | 0.23 |
Adjusted | |||
BMI | 1.19 | 0.91–1.57 | 0.20 |
BMI, energy, demographics | 0.96 | 0.65–1.42 | 0.85 |
Food groups | |||
Servings of fruit (No/day) | |||
Unadjusted | 0.85 | 0.62–1.18 | 0.34 |
Adjusted | |||
BMI | 0.90 | 0.64–1.24 | 0.51 |
BMI, energy, demographics | 0.77 | 0.54–1.10 | 0.14 |
Servings of vegetables (No/day) | |||
Unadjusted | 1.07 | 0.84–1.35 | 0.60 |
Adjusted | |||
BMI | 1.01 | 0.79–1.30 | 0.91 |
BMI, energy, demographics | 0.90 | 0.67–1.20 | 0.47 |
Servings of meat (No/day) | |||
Unadjusted | 1.08 | 0.82–1.42 | 0.58 |
Adjusted | |||
BMI | 0.98 | 0.74–1.31 | 0.92 |
BMI, energy, demographics | 0.80 | 0.51–1.25 | 0.33 |
Servings of dairy (g/day) | |||
Unadjusted | 1.19 | 0.92–1.55 | 0.19 |
Adjusted | |||
BMI | 1.26 | 0.96–1.65 | 0.10 |
BMI, energy, demographics | 1.09 | 0.79–1.51 | 0.58 |
Servings of grain (g/day) | |||
Unadjusted | 1.17 | 0.90–1.52 | 0.24 |
Adjusted | |||
BMI | 1.14 | 0.88–1.48 | 0.35 |
BMI, energy, demographics | 1.05 | 0.70–1.57 | 0.82 |
Fat servings (No/day) | |||
Unadjusted | 1.46 | 1.09–1.97 | 0.01 |
Adjusted | |||
BMI | 1.41 | 1.04–1.91 | 0.03 |
BMI, energy, demographics | 1.18 | 0.98–1.42 | 0.08 |