Table 4 Relative risk of transition and corresponding 95% CIs from the multivariate three-state Markov model
Variables*RR (95%CI)†
NE→class A–BClass A–B→NENet effect
Male2.36 (1.73 to 2.97)‡0.53 (0.40 to 0.74)‡4.31 (3.22 to 5.75)‡
Smoker1.77 (1.32 to 2.36)‡1.48 (0.98 to 2.15)1.20 (1.03 to 1.39)‡
Metabolic syndrome1.29 (1.18 to 1.42)‡0.74 (0.53 to 0.98)‡1.75 (1.29 to 2.38)‡
Short-term use of PPI or H2RA1.73 (0.92 to 2.77)3.19 (2.32 to 4.44)‡0.54 (0.39 to 0.75)‡

  • *Factors were dichotomised (no/yes) as follows: male, smoker, metabolic syndrome and use of short-term use of PPI or H2RA. The “no” group constitutes the baseline comparator.

  • †The RR for evaluating the role of each factor was arrived at by taking the exponential of the regression coefficient (β) of the Markov regression—that is, exp(β1) for progression, exp(β2) for regression and exp(β1–β2) for the net effect.

  • ‡p <0.05.

  • H2RA, histamine-2 receptor antagonist; PPI, proton pump inhibitor.