Combinations of alcohol consumption and cigarette smoking and risk (multivariables adjusted* incidence RRs) of oesophageal and gastric cancer subtypes; Netherlands Cohort Study on diet and cancer (NLCS) 1986–2002
| Cigarette smoking status | Oesophageal squamous cell carcinoma | Oesophageal adenocarcinoma | Gastric cardia adenocarcinoma | Gastric non-cardia adenocarcinoma | ||||||||
| Alcohol consumption (g ethanol/day) | Alcohol consumption (g ethanol/day) | Alcohol consumption (g ethanol/day) | Alcohol consumption (g ethanol/day) | |||||||||
| 0–5 | >5–15 | >15 | 0–5 | >5–15 | >15 | 0–5 | >5–15 | >15 | 0–5 | >5–15 | >15 | |
| Never smoker | ||||||||||||
| Cases/person time at risk (years) | 14/16351 | 3/3750 | 5/1857 | 18/16351 | 5/3750 | 5/1857 | 18/16351 | 6/3750 | 4/1857 | 81/16351 | 18/3750 | 14/1857 |
| RR | 1 (ref)† | 1.01 | 3.74 | 1 (ref) | 0.92 | 1.76 | 1 (ref) | 0.92 | 1.15 | 1 (ref) | 0.89 | 1.40 |
| 95% CI | 0.28 to 3.59 | 1.25 to 11.20 | 0.32 to 2.67 | 0.61 to 5.06 | 0.35 to 2.41 | 0.37 to 3.54 | 0.52 to 1.52 | 0.76 to 2.58 | ||||
| Former smoker | ||||||||||||
| Cases/person time at risk (years) | 8/7830 | 8/5600 | 15/6842 | 28/7830 | 14/5600 | 28/6842 | 23/7830 | 31/5600 | 26/6842 | 73/7830 | 63/5600 | 65/6842 |
| RR | 1.33 | 2.04 | 3.16 | 1.79 | 1.24 | 1.72 | 1.15 | 2.08 | 1.18 | 1.41 | 1.78 | 1.40 |
| 95% CI | 0.53 to 3.35 | 0.81 to 5.15 | 1.36 to 7.31 | 0.93 to 3.44 | 0.58 to 2.64 | 0.88 to 3.39 | 0.57 to 2.31 | 1.10 to 3.91 | 0.61 to 2.32 | 0.98 to 2.02 | 1.21 to 2.62 | 0.96 to 2.04 |
| Current smoker | ||||||||||||
| Cases/person time at risk (years) | 9/5896 | 12/3364 | 33/5317 | 17/5896 | 11/3364 | 19/5317 | 18/5896 | 10/3364 | 28/5317 | 74/5896 | 45/3364 | 58/5317 |
| RR | 1.70 | 4.48 | 8.05 | 1.87 | 1.87 | 1.81 | 1.51 | 1.27 | 1.89 | 2.04 | 2.18 | 1.62 |
| 95% CI | 0.72 to 4.05 | 1.97 to 10.20 | 3.89 to 16.60 | 0.92 to 3.82 | 0.83 to 4.21 | 0.87 to 3.79 | 0.75 to 3.01 | 0.56 to 2.90 | 0.97 to 3.68 | 1.43 to 2.91 | 1.45 to 3.27 | 1.09 to 2.41 |
| p interaction† | 0.65 | p interaction | 0.79 | p interaction | 0.29 | P interaction | 0.42 | |||||
*Adjusted for age, sex, body mass index, level of education, energy intake, consumption of fruits, vegetables, fish.
†p Value for interaction between cigarette smoking status and alcohol consumption was assessed by including a cross-product term in the Cox proportional hazard model.
ref, reference category.