Aetiologies of non-responsive coeliac disease
| Aetiology | Representative case series | Diagnostic approach | ||
| Abdulkarim10 (n=49) | Leffler11 (n=99*) | Fine45 (n=11†) | ||
| Gluten contamination | 25 | 36 | 1 | Dietary review, coeliac serology |
| Microscopic colitis | 9 | 6 | 3 | Colonic biopsies |
| Bacterial overgrowth | 7 | 6 | 0 | Breath tests, culture of small bowel aspirate, antibiotics trial |
| Pancreatic insufficiency | 6 | 0 | 2 | Pancreatic testing, enzymes trial |
| Fructose/lactose intolerance | 1 | 7 | 2 | Breath tests, exclusion trial |
| Irritable bowel syndrome | 4 | 22 | 2 | Clinical criteria |
| Refractory coeliac disease | 4 | 10 | 0 | Discussed in this review |
| Other | 4 | 12 | 1 | Miscellaneous tests |
| Total | 60‡ | 99 | 11 | |