Table 3

Brain–gut pathway. Baseline psychological distress as a predictor of any functional gastrointestinal disorder (FGID), irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) and functional dyspepsia (FD) diagnosis at follow-up among controls free of a FGID at baseline

FGID diagnosis	Psychological distress variable	Baseline clinically elevated psychological distress		OR (95% CI)	p Value^*
FGID diagnosis	Psychological distress variable	Yes, mean (SD)	No, mean (SD)	OR (95% CI)	p Value^*
Any FGID^†	Anxiety	2.7 (2.6)	1.9 (2.4)	1.11 (1.03 to 1.19)	0.006
Any FGID^†	Depression	1.3 (2.2)	1.1 (2.2)	1.04 (0.96 to 1.13)	0.293
IBS^‡	Anxiety	4.0 (3.7)	2.7 (3.0)	1.11 (1.03 to 1.18)	0.005
IBS^‡	Depression	2.6 (3.5)	1.5 (2.7)	1.10 (1.03 to 1.18)	0.007
FD^§	Anxiety	3.9 (3.1)	2.8 (3.1)	1.09 (1.0 to 1.20)	0.057
FD^§	Depression	2.8 (3.7)	1.6 (2.9)	1.09 (1.0 to 1.20)	0.043

↵* Controlling for age and gender.
↵† Controls defined as no FGID.
↵‡ Controls defined as no IBS.
↵§ Controls defined as no FD.