T1 (low) | T2 | T3 (high) | ptrend Value | ||||
N† | OR | N | OR (95% CIs) | N | OR (95% CIs) | ||
Poultry (g/day) | 122/172 | 1.00 | 130/162 | 1.16 (0.82 to 1.65) | 113/132 | 1.23 (0.84 to 1.81) | 0.35 |
Fish (g/day) | 153/176 | 1.00 | 132/174 | 0.91 (0.66 to 1.26) | 80/116 | 0.82 (0.56 to 1.21) | 0.32 |
Red meat excluding processed meat (g/day) | 148/204 | 1.00 | 144/161 | 1.14 (0.80 to 1.61) | 73/101 | 0.89 (0.58 to 1.37) | 0.63 |
Processed meat (g/day) | 151/198 | 1.00 | 141/171 | 0.99 (0.69 to 1.41) | 73/97 | 0.76 (0.49 to 1.17) | 0.38 |
High-temperature meats (g/day) | 155/220 | 1.00 | 129/155 | 1.06 (0.76 to 1.50) | 81/91 | 1.06 (0.69 to 1.63) | 0.79 |
Pan-fried red meat | 143/181 | 1.00 | 123/169 | 0.79 (0.55 to 1.12) | 99/116 | 0.80 (0.51 to 1.24) | 0.43 |
Broiled red meat | 236/297 | 1.00 | 86/102 | 1.03 (0.72 to 1.46) | 43/67 | 0.76 (0.48 to 1.19) | 0.25 |
BBQ/grilled red meat | 140/177 | 1.00 | 142/183 | 0.82 (0.59 to 1.14) | 83/106 | 0.72 (0.47 to 1.11) | 0.18 |
MeIQx‡ (ng/day) | 129/179 | 1.00 | 109/148 | 1.05 (0.73 to 1.51) | 127/139 | 1.15 (0.76 to 1.74) | 0.50 |
PhIP (ng/day)‡ | 115/181 | 1.00 | 118/139 | 1.89 (0.96 to 1.99) | 132/146 | 1.31 (0.90 to 1.90) | 0.26 |
Total HAA‡ (ng/day) | 126/179 | 1.00 | 107/142 | 1.10 (0.76 to 1.58) | 132/145 | 1.17 (0.79 to 1.71) | 0.46 |
Pack-years | 188/288 | 1.00 | 90/113 | 1.36 (0.93 to 1.98) | 87/65 | 3.07 (1.44 to 6.55) | <0.01 |
NAT2 activity | 60/89 | 1.00 | 80/99 | 1.24 (0.77 to 2.00) | 83/104 | 1.52 (0.92 to 2.50) | 0.10 |
CYP1A2 activity | 66/124 | 1.00 | 83/96 | 1.58 (1.02 to 2.43) | 59/69 | 1.61 (1.00 to 2.60) | 0.05 |
↵* Estimated by conditional logistic regression, adjusting for family history of colorectal cancer, body mass index 5 years ago, energy-adjusted dietary fibre, energy-adjusted total intakes (foods and supplements) of calcium and folate, pack-years of smoking and alcohol intake. Cases and controls were matched on sex, age (within 5-year age groups), race/ethnicity (Japanese, Caucasian or Hawaiian), initial examination modality (flexible sigmoidoscopy or colonoscopy) and clinic and date of screening (within 6 months). Unconditional logistic regression (adjusted for the same variables plus the matching factors) was used for NAT2 and CYP1A2 activities due to the fact that some subjects refused the caffeine test.
↵† Number of cases/number of controls.
↵‡ Energy-adjusted by the method of residuals.
BBQ, barbeque; CYP1A2, cytochrome P450 1A2; Di-MeIQx, 2-amino-3,4,8-dimethylimidazo[4,5-f]quinoxaline; HAA, heterocyclic amine; MeIQx, 2-amino-3,8-dimethylimidazo[4,5-f]quinoxaline; NAT2, N-acetyltransferase-2; PhIP, 2-amino-1-methyl-6-phenylimidazo[4,5-b]pyridine.