Characteristics* of cases and controls
| Men | Women | |||
| Cases (n=599) | Controls (n=800) | Cases (n=365) | Controls (n=466) | |
| Race/ethnicity†, n (%) | ||||
| Japanese | 183 (30.6) | 256 (32.0) | 115 (31.5) | 154 (33.0) |
| Caucasian | 294 (49.1) | 388 (48.5) | 165 (45.2) | 201 (43.1) |
| Native Hawaiian | 122 (20.4) | 156 (19.5) | 85 (23.3) | 111 (23.8) |
| Age† (years) | 59.9 (54.2–66.0) | 59.9 (54.5–66.2) | 59.8 (54.1–66.8) | 60.7 (54.8–67.5) |
| Family history‡, n (%) | 86 (14.4) | 95 (11.9) | 83 (22.7) | 74 (15.9) |
| Smoking status (%) | ||||
| Never | 206 (34.5) | 364 (45.5) | 188 (51.5) | 288 (61.8) |
| Past | 301 (50.3) | 370 (46.3) | 128 (35.1) | 155 (33.3) |
| Current | 91 (15.2) | 66 (8.3) | 49 (13.4) | 23 (4.9) |
| Pack-years (smokers only) | 26.1 (9.3–47.8) | 20.7 (7.9–41.8) | 17.2 (6.8–33.8) | 10.0 (2.5–28.0) |
| BMI 5 years ago | 26.6 (24.3–30.0) | 26.2 (24.2–29.3) | 25.4 (22.5–29.2) | 24.4 (21.6–27.6) |
| Ethanol (g/day) | 102.9 (0.7–454.1) | 41.2 (0.5–271.6) | 0.7 (0.2–54.5) | 0.7 (0.2–34.1) |
| Energy intake (kcal/day) | 2312 (1778–3096) | 2233 (1774–2989) | 1698 (1321–2118) | 1700 (1292–2154) |
| Physical activity (MET) | 56.1 (47.0–68.5) | 57.3 (49.5–68.0) | 55.5 (50.3–62.5) | 56.8 (50.4–64.5) |
| Dietary fibre (g/day)§ | 19.4 (15.4–24.3) | 20.8 (16.2–26.4) | 21.8 (17.6–26.6) | 22.5 (18.6–27.4) |
| Calcium (mg/day)§ ¶ | 752.1 (580.3–1021.6) | 814.4 (626.5–1122.7) | 1094.5 (699.0–1654.0) | 1190.2 (785.3–1772.8) |
| Folate (DFE/day)§ ¶ | 758.9 (485.0–1138.2) | 917.9 (557.6–1245.4) | 998.7 (520.8–1335.5) | 938.2 (557.8–1300.0) |
| Red meat excluding processed meat (g/day) | 58.3 (32.3–100.6) | 54.9 (28.6–92.8) | 36.6 (18.0–59.9) | 35.9 (17.2–61.8) |
| Processed meat (g/day) | 27.9 (13.8–49.9) | 24.1 (10.5–46.0) | 14.9 (6.4–25.8) | 14.2 (6.3–26.9) |
| Poultry (g/day) | 20.2 (9.7–38.7) | 20.6 (11.6–37.9) | 18.3 (9.6–33.8) | 16.5 (9.1–31.6) |
| Fish (g/day) | 21.2 (9.9–38.4) | 20.9 (10.5–38.7) | 14.4 (7.1–25.8) | 17.1 (8.5–28.0) |
| Beef (g/day) | 44.3 (24.7–75.6) | 41.5 (21.3–69.1) | 24.9 (12.9–44.0) | 26.3 (12.5–44.0) |
| Pork (g/day) | 10.5 (3.9–22.9) | 9.6 (3.3–19.5) | 7.3 (2.6–15.8) | 6.6 (2.3–15.9) |
| Di-MeIQx (ng/day)§ | 2.16 (0.59–4.77) | 1.89 (0.42–5.00) | 1.84 (0.63–4.93) | 1.63 (0.53–3.84) |
| MeIQx (ng/day)§ | 55.4 (20.0–113.9) | 53.1 (15.2–116.0) | 46.4 (11.7–117.1) | 42.1 (8.9–96.6) |
| PhIP (ng/day)§ | 115.3 (47.8–211.4) | 94.5 (40.2–185.3) | 95.0 (32.7–209.0) | 74.5 (23.7–170.2) |
| Total HAA (ng/day)§ | 181.0 (81.8–329.1) | 167.0 (73.7–308.0) | 156.6 (58.0–339.6) | 135.8 (42.9–288.9) |
↵* Median (IQR), except where noted.
↵† Matching factor.
↵‡ Family history of colorectal cancer among parents and siblings.
↵§ Energy-adjusted by the method of residuals.
↵¶ From foods and supplements.
BMI, body mass index; DFE, dietary fibre equivalent; Di-MeIQx, 2-amino-3,4,8-dimethylimidazo[4,5-f]quinoxaline; HAA, heterocyclic amine; MeIQx, 2-amino-3,8-dimethylimidazo[4,5-f]quinoxaline; MET, metabolic equivalent; PhIP, 2-amino-1-methyl-6-phenylimidazo[4,5-b]pyridine.