Characteristic | HCC cases (N=97 430) | Controls* (N=194 860) | ||
Number | % | Number | % | |
Age (mean ± SE) | 62.49±0.04 | 62.48±0.03 | ||
20–49 years of age | 17 556 | 18.02 | 35 179 | 18.02 |
50–59 years of age | 21 230 | 21.79 | 42 432 | 21.79 |
60–69 years of age | 28 154 | 28.90 | 56 410 | 28.90 |
70–79 years of age | 23 320 | 23.94 | 46 494 | 23.94 |
≥80 years of age | 7170 | 7.36 | 14 345 | 7.36 |
Gender | ||||
Female | 26 470 | 27.17 | 52 940 | 27.17 |
Male | 70 960 | 72.83 | 141 920 | 72.83 |
Diabetes patients | 22 047 | 22.63 | 25 773 | 13.23 |
DM duration (year, mean ± SD) | 3.89±0.02 | 3.97±0.02 | ||
DM control (physician visits per year) | 5.68±0.03 | 5.34±0.03 | ||
OHA use (days per year, mean ± SD) | ||||
Metformin | 105.59±0.82 | 118.66±0.80 | ||
Insulin | 21.01±0.43 | 12.68±0.32 | ||
Thiazolidinediones | 9.39±0.26 | 12.23±0.28 | ||
Sulphonylurea and meglitinide | 159.24±0.90 | 163.69±0.84 | ||
α-Glucosidase inhibitors | 9.56±0.25 | 9.16±0.23 | ||
Liver disease | ||||
Hepatitis B | 24 877 | 25.53 | 4435 | 2.28 |
Lamivudine* and entecavir | 3593 | 3.699 | 251 | 0.13 |
Hepatitis C | 20 163 | 20.69 | 3095 | 1.59 |
Alcoholic liver diseases | 5822 | 5.98 | 1908 | 0.98 |
Liver cirrhosis | 3390 | 3.48 | 658 | 0.34 |
Comorbidity | ||||
Ischaemic heart disease | 16 720 | 17.16 | 50 142 | 25.73 |
Cerebral vascular disease | 11 971 | 12.29 | 37 207 | 19.09 |
Hypertension | 38 964 | 39.99 | 99 111 | 50.86 |
Chronic obstructive lung disease | 24 213 | 24.85 | 59 254 | 30.41 |
Hyperlipidaemia | 5443 | 5.59 | 25 710 | 13.19 |
Renal failure | 5618 | 5.77 | 8415 | 4.32 |
↵* Matched by age (±1 years), gender and the date of physician visit.
DM, diabetes mellitus; HCC, hepatocellular carcinoma; OHA, oral hypoglycaemic agent.