Profibrotic mediators in intestinal fibrosis
| Cytokines | IL-1 |
| IL-4 | |
| IL-6 | |
| IL-13 | |
| IL-22 | |
| IL-33 | |
| TNFα | |
| MCP-1 | |
| Growth factors | TGFβ1 |
| bFGF | |
| PDGF | |
| IGF-I and II | |
| CTGF | |
| Matrix molecules | Hyaluronan |
| Fibronectin | |
| Bacterial products | TLR5 ligands |
bFGF, basic fibroblast growth factor; CTGF, connective-tissue growth factor; IGF, insulin-like growth factor; IL, interleukin; MCP, monocyte chemoattractant protein; PDGF, platelet-derived growth factor; TGF, transforming growth factor; TLR, Toll-like receptor; TNF, tumour necrosis factor.