Summary of risk factors for development of Barrett's oesophagus
| Study | Year | No of patients | Design | Risk factors | Grade of evidence |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Gerson et al57 | 2001 | 517 GORD (99 with Barrett's) | Prospective questionnaire | Male gender Heartburn Nocturnal pain Odynophagia | III |
| Eloubeidi et al58 | 2001 | 104 GORD 107 Barrett's | Prospective comparative study Questionnaire to patients with GORD vs Barrett's | Age>40 Heartburn or regurgitation Heartburn >once a week | III |
| Avidan et al59 | 2002 | 256 Barrett's 229 non-erosive GORD | Prospective case–control study NERD vs Barrett's oesophagus | No of reflux episodes Hiatus hernia Excess of smoking and alcohol | IIa |
| El-Serag et al64 | 2005 | 36 with Barrett's 93 without Barrett's | Retrospective case–control study Patients with endoscopy + CT | BMI BMI>30: OR for Barrett's 4.0 (95% CI 1.4 to 11.1) | IIa |
| Smith et al60 | 2005 | 167 with Barrett's 261 controls | Population-based case–control | Weekly acid reflux (OR 29.7) Smoking (OR 3.1) Positive interaction between reflux and obesity or smoking | IIa |
| Cook et al55 | 2005 | Meta-analysis male vs female | Male/female ratio 1.96:1 | Ia | |
| Edelstein et al62 | 2007 | 193 with Barrett's 211 controls | Case–control study | Obesity: waist-to-hip ratio (OR 2.4) Association with BMI weaker | IIa |
| Corley et al63 | 2007 | 320 with Barrett's 316 with GORD 317 controls | Case–control study | Obesity: association with abdominal circumference >80 No association with BMI | IIa |
| Anderson et al65 | 2007 | 224 with Barrett's 227 with OAC 260 controls | Population-based case–control study | GORD symptoms, BMI and smoking associated with OA but not Barrett's | IIa |
| Edelstein et al56 | 2009 | 197 with Barrett's 418 controls | Case–control study | Older age Male gender Obesity (waist-to-hip ratio) Smoking | IIa |
| Taylor et al61 | 2010 | Meta-analysis of 26 studies | GORD symptoms associated with long-segment Barrett's (heterogeneous association with short-segment Barrett's) | Ia | |
| Chak et al67 | 2002 | 58 with Barrett's 106 controls | Case–control study | In individuals with family history, OR for Barrett's 12.2 (95% CI 3.3 to 44.8) | IIa |
| Su et al69 | 2012 | Discovery cohort 1852 with Barrett's 5172 controls | GWAS | 6p21 locus OR 1.21 16q24 OR 1.14 | IIa |
BMI, body mass index; GWAS, genome-wide association study; NERD, non-erosive reflux disease; OAC, oesophageal adenocarcinoma; OR, odds ratio.