The main outcomes from studies assessing the microbiome in RA
| Microbiome site | Association with RA compared with control | Reference |
|---|---|---|
| Oral | Porphyromonas Gingivalis and Porphyromonas nigrescans aggravate animal models of arthritis | 110, 121 |
| ↑ Prevalence of periodontitis in patients with RA | 111–115 | |
| Evidence of periodontal pathogens in synovial fluid of patients with RA | 111, 119, 120 | |
| Intestinal | Animal models of arthritis exacerbated or rescued by changes in gut microbiome | 131, 132, 134 |
| Humans—↓ Bacteroidetes and Bifidobacterium | 135, 136 |
RA, Rheumatoid arthritis.